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Nursing concepts
Unit 4 EXAM review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anaphylaxis | Life threatening (allergic reaction); Involves swelling of the upper respiratory tract that results in occlusion of the airway |
| Food Allergies | Reaction by the patient's immune system to an allergen. peanuts, wheat, dairy products, eggs |
| Best source of chloride | Salt |
| Best source of calcium | Dairy Products |
| OBESE | BMI over 30+ |
| **Functions of Water | Maintains body temperature Transports minerals, vitamins, and electrolytes Cushions the Brain and Spinal Cord lubricates joints Carries toxins and excreted waste products out the body moisturizes and lubricates the GI tract |
| Catabolism | "catastrophe" breakdown of protein into smaller components; amino acids |
| Anabolism | "adding" amino acids reorganized or built into tissue products |
| Essential Amino Acids | Most important must be obtained from food sources because the body is unable to produce them |
| Complete Proteins | contains all 9 amino acids |
| Nonessential Amino acids | produced by the liver |
| Kwashiorkor | Severe protein deficiency Causes severe emaciation; grossly edematous(swollen) abdomen caused by ascites (fluid collection in the peritoneal cavity) |
| Nitrogen balance | retained nitrogen needs to be more or less than at other times |
| Fats and Lipids | Some are manufactured & stored by the body Some obtained through foods Our livers manufacture a fat/lipid called cholesterol |
| Triglycerides | a form of fat stored in the body but is also found in food |
| Simple Sugars | Glucose: primary energy source Fructose: fruit sugar Sucrose: table sugar Lactose: milk sugar |
| Fiber | carbohydrate that the body CANNOT DIGEST |
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | A,D,E,K |
| 6 MAJOR MINERALS | Calcium Chloride Magnesium Potassium Phosphorus Sodium |
| Food Intolerance | NOT an allergic reaction It's an adverse reaction to a food without activation of the immune response (ex: lactose intolerance) |
| Regular Diet | appropriate for patients without special nutritional needs provides 2000 calories per day offers well balanced meal plans |
| Gate Control Theory | Explains the transmission and perception of pain and how nonpharmacological interventions can relieve pain Transmission of pain to the CNS is controlled by a gate; the gate must be open for pain to transmit. When the gate is closed pain is blocked |
| Neuropathic pain | The burning, stabbing, or sometimes deep ache that your patient describes when there is nerve compression caused by pressure from tumors, lymphedema, or compression fractures of the spine |
| Acute pain | "short & cute" comes suddenly and has short duration (less than 6 months) |
| Chronic Pain | pain that lasts longer than 6 months |
| Intermittent Pain | comes and goes in intervals |
| Intractable pain | pain that cannot be relieved, is incurable, or is resistant to treatments |
| Referred Pain | Pain felt in an area other than where the pain was produced |
| Radiating pain | begins at a specific site and shoots out from or extends to a larger area |
| Neuropathic pain | results of destruction of peripheral nerves or the central nervous system itself |
| Phantom Limb Pain | neuropathic pain which feels as though the pain is coming from an extremity that had been amputated |
| Pain assessment: | level of extent of pain; scale from 1-10 site of pain characteristics of pain whether the pain is acute or chronic what elicits the pain patient's desires in relation to the pain |
| Distraction as pain relief: | visual: watching tv/reading a book auditory: listening to music or someone reading aloud tactile: receiving a backrub intellectual: conversing with another person |
| NSAIDs | medication class that helps to reduce inflammation and pain by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators |
| Opiates/Opioids | helpful in relieving visceral and deep tissue pain |
| Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) | allows dose of an opioid to be administered as determined by the patient. |
| Macronutrients | required in large amounts daily: protein carbohydrates fats water |
| Micronutrients | vitamins minerals |
| Protein | the primary building block of the body to make new cells and to help wounds heal a gram contains 4kcals (well-balanced diet) adults require a daily intake of 50 to 60 grams of protein |
| Functions of protein | new tissue production formation of antibodies, enzymes and hormones necessary component for heat and energy production component to assist in maintaining fluid balance between cells and bloodstream |
| Cutaneous pain | pain that is more superficial to the skin's surface (paper cut, mild burn) |
| Visceral Pain | soft tissue pain; pain from traumatic injury |
| Deep somatic pain | osteogenic pain; bone ligament, tendon, and blood vessel pain (longer duration than cutaneous pain |
| Adjuvant Analgesics | classes of medication that produce pain relief |
| Restorative sleep: | allows an individual to awaken feeling rested, refreshed, and restored |
| Resting | may or may not involve sleep; is any time an individual feels relaxed and anxiety free |
| Kilocalories (kcal) | measurement of food provided energy |
| Circadian Rhythm | the body metabolism functions increased and decreased in rhythmic patterns |
| Women of childbearing age | FDA recommends 200mcg of synthetic folic acid daily |
| How much liquid should the average adult take in each day? | 1,500-2,500mL |
| The purpose of the blue pigtail of a double lumen nasogastric (NG) tube is to | serve as an air vent to prevent the tube from sticking to the stomach |
| How often during continuous tube feeding should tube placement and residual gastric volume be assessed? | every 4 hours |
| The diet that includes all clear liquids and those fluid that are too opaque to see through is known as | full liquid diet |
| An adverse reaction to a food that does not involve the immune system, can stem from the body's lack of digestive enzymes or inability to use these enzymes, and generally is gastrointestinal in nature is called | food intolerance |
| Which of the following actions should be performed prior to the beginning an intermittent tube feeding? | raise the head of the bed 30 to 45 degrees |
| Nutrition that is administered through a central venous catheter placed in a larger central vein is known as | Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) |
| When a patient's immune system reacts to a food protein or other large molecule that has been eaten, this is known as | a food allergy |
| Symptoms of food intolerance generally include which of the following | flatulence |
| Diets modified by consistency include all of the following except | low sodium diet |
| The primary components supplied by a clear liquid diet is are which of the following | calories and fluid |
| A mechanical soft diet sometimes is ordered for patients with severe weakness and fatigue. Which of the following nutrients is not abundant in this diet? | fiber |
| Jose Rivera is hospitalized with congestive heart failure and is retaining fluids. Which of the following therapeutic diets is most opt to be ordered for Jose? | low sodium diet |
| The largest portion of nutrients is absorbed into the bloodstream from the | small intestine |
Created by:
MamaNy