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Greek History #3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The Serpent Column of Delphi | built to honor the 31 city-states who stood together against Persia with Athens and Sparta at the top of the list |
| Pentecontaetia | the treaty the Greeks signed after the Persian War, ‘the 50 years peace’, which, shocker, didn’t last 50 years |
| Delian League (Delos) #1 | created to ensure that Persia didn’t come back to recapture Greek colonies, but its funds were mostly used to help Athens rebuild, and after the Peace of Kallias was established between Greece and Persia in 467 |
| Delian League (Delos) #2 | many cities wanted out since it didn’t have a purpose anymore, but Athens shut down opposition and even moved the bank to their city from Delos in 454 BCE while quarreling with Corinth |
| The ‘Long Walls’ of Athens | after the Persian War, Athens builds two long walls to connect themselves to their port, Piraeus, to make sure they always have sea access, as well as a third wall that ran diagonally from the top of the two walls to the shore |
| Pausanias #1 | Sparta’s supreme commander at the end of the Persian Wars, and as he grew egotistical, Athens started to spread rumors about him being in bed with Persia, and while he was acquitted in court, he went into voluntary exile… to Persia |
| Pausanias #2 | leading Sparta to call him back, and while defending himself a Persian herold reveals a letter he supposedly sent asking to marry Xerxes’ daughter in exchange for Greek subservience |
| Themistocles | the main Athenian general at the end of the Persian Wars and therefore who starts their rebuilding projects, but is eventually ostracized as Sparta pulls the same move with him that Athens did with Pausanias when he grows arrogant as well |
| River Eurymedon | a battle in 467 BCE under Cimon, an Athenian leader supported by Sparta in order to get rid of Themistocles, where the final voices of Persian dissent are silenced |
| Revolt of Thasos | Thasos revolts after Naxos to try to get out of the Delian League in 465, but Athens takes care of them |
| Third Messenian War | in 462 the helots revolt against Sparta after a bad earthquake, and while Sparta asks Athens for help, but due to a debate about anti-Spartan sentiment, the platoon they send is late and suffers a crushing defeat, leading Sparta to blame Athens |
| First Peloponnesian ‘War’ | lasted from 460 to 445, more like a series of skirmishes, some of which Athens won and some of which Sparta won, and bookended by the Thirty Years Peace |
| Thirty Years Peace | the treaty that ended the First Peloponnesian War in 445, and what Sparta determines that Athens has violated to declare war on them again |
| Corcyraean Debate | Athenian leaders discuss whether they should interfere with Corinthian affairs or not to support Corcyra, but it was inevitably decided that they would assist Corcyra |
| Epidamnus | a Corcyran colony who triggers the Corcyran debate and the renewed conflict between Corinth and Athens and therefore Sparta and Athens |
| Potidaea | a Corinthian colony and a member of the Athenian alliance that Athens tried to get a better grip on, but they resisted Athens with Corinthian and Macedonian help, the final straw for the Peloponnesian League |
| Sthenelaidas | a Spartan ephor who argued against the Spartan king, King Archidamus, to advocate for immediate war against Athens around 433 due to a spat between Athens and Corinth as well as other extenuating circumstances |
| King Archidamus | the Spartan King at the beginning of the Second Peloponnesian War who argues for diplomacy rather than war, even having diplomatic negotiations after war is declared, but Thebes attacks an Athenian ally and starts the violence again for them |
| Acharnae | a city ten miles northeast of Athens where Sparta sends a platoon, forcing Pericles to move the entire Athenian population inside the city walls |
| Attica Landscape | ransacked by Sparta in the Second Peloponnesian War while Athens fired at the Peloponnesian territory from the sea |
| Pericles | a large Athenian leader at the beginning of the Peloponnesian Wars who, despite some mistakes, overall spread wisdom that would be ignored after his plague-related death in 429 |
| Plague of Athens #1 | struck in 430, partially due to all Athenians being moved inside their walls to protect their citizens from Sparta, and despaired Athenians try to blame Pericles, and while he defends himself, he dies of the plague in 429 |
| Plague of Athens #2 | “A Greek war will come, and with it L(o)imos”, limos being hunger and loimos being plague |
| ‘Funeral Oration’ | given by Pericles at the end of 431 as a patriotic call and a declaration of calling off negotiations with Sparta |
| Revolt of Mytilene & Mytilene Debate #1 | the capital of Lesbos revolts, and although Athens manages to suppress it, they send a ship to kill all their men and enslave their women and children, which triggers a debate on the mainland between Diodotus, Pericles’ former right-hand man, and Cleon |
| Revolt of Mytilene & Mytilene Debate #2 | while the people of Athens are bloodthirsty, a slight majority agrees to Diodotus’ point that such a penalty will not deter crime, leading them to send another faster ship to stop the first one |
| Cleon & Diodotus #1 | the two big players in the Mylitene Debate, Cleon wanting to send a message by killing them all and Diodotus claiming that doing such wouldn’t have any advantages |
| Cleon & Diodotus #2 | while Diodotus is victorious, he is not mentioned again while Cleon continues to make rash decisions for Athens, such as refusing to accept Spartan truces and eventually dying in Amphipolis |
| Nicias | created the peace treaty after Amphipolis, was hesitant about the Sicilian expedition, pleaded with Athens to surrender while in a stalemate with Syracuse, to which Athens refused, and was unfortunately executed in Syracuse |
| Pylos & Sphacteria #1 | in 425, 600 Athenians crash on Pylos, located on the same island as Sparta, due to a storm, but the Spartans are unable to defeat the Athenians, leading to a stalemate |
| Pylos & Sphacteria #2 | when Athenian reinforcements arrive they manage to trap 440 Spartans on Sphacteria, an island section of Pylos, and although Sparta tries to make a truce, Cleon denies it, forcing them to surrender; Athens takes 120 Spartans prisoner |
| Brasidas #1 | the Spartan commander during the humiliating affair at Pylos, his shield having been taken from him as a trophy, leading him to thirst for revenge and march to Amphipolis in record time during the winter and offer favorable terms for their surrender |
| Brasidas #2 | he also supports others to revolt against Athens when Scione does during a year long truce between Athens and Sparta, and when the year is over and the Athenian Cleon goes to recapture Amphipolis, both Cleon and Brasidas die in the battle |
| Amphipolis | Thucydides’ hometown that was taken by Sparta and the battle over it later on led to the death of both Spartan and Athenian leadership |
| Thucydides Biographic Info #1 | 460-395 BCE, fought in the Peloponnesian War as a general when he was sent to his hometown of Amphipolis to stop Sparta’s commander, Brasidas, from taking this important northern Greek town with mines and forests |
| Thucydides Biographic Info #2 | but when Thucydides arrives too late to save the city, he was exiled for 20 years, allowing him to travel and record the history of the war, although the last battle he records is the Battle of Cyzicus in 410 when the war actually ended in 404 |
| Thucydides’ Historical Method/Agenda #1 | Thucydides is the only reason that the Peloponnesian War is thought of as one continuous war from 431 to 404, while in reality the only thing historians can agree on is the fact that the fighting ended in 404 |
| Thucydides’ Historical Method/Agenda #2 | he starts writing during the war rather than after and criticizes Herodotus; Thucydides includes ‘set speeches’ in his book, speeches he heard himself but cannot recount exactly, although he does directly admit to doing so unlike Herodotus |
| Demagogues | a political leader who rises to power through fearmongering and pandering, the most prominent ones in the Peloponnesian War being Cleon of Athens and then his replacement, Alcibiades |
| Alcibiades #1 | Cleon’s replacement who is all over the map, prompting the Melian Dialogue and the Sicilian Expedition, although he is spared from the execution that most leaders face in Sicily, and after being exiled |
| Alcibiades #2 | because of the Sicilian loss, rumors about him having mutilated the Herms, and people thought he wanted to be a tyrant, he starts helping Sparta and invites revolution on Chios and Samos, the latter being the headquarters of the Athenian navy |
| Alcibiades #3 | and even brokers a deal between Sparta and Persia, only to want to go back to Athens because he slept with the Persian king’s wife, so he supports the oligarchy, only to then support the reinstatement of the democracy once he’s back |
| Alcibiades #4 | and while he leads Athens to victory in 410 in the Battle of Cyzicus, he rejects peace talks with Sparta, and is finally exiled after losing the Battle of Notium |
| Corinth #1 | a city-state that pledges its support to Sparta early on due to their worry about Athens’ building program, and their denouncing of Athens after they help Corcyra, a Corinthian colony, leading to the declaration of war |
| Corinth #2 | however, around 421, Corinth worries about Sparta and Athens uniting and starts urging democratic states who resent Sparta to ally with Athens, only for them all to flip back to Sparta after they win the Battle of Mantinea |
| Elis | one of the democratic states that Corinth urged to ally with Athens, leading them to exclude Sparta from the Olympic games in 420 BCE, but when Athens lost the Battle of Mantinea, they reestablished their bond with Sparta |
| Battle of Mantinea (First Time) #1 | Corinth urges democratic states like Elis and Argos to join Athens against Sparta, and in 418 Athens urges Argos to ally with Tegea, Sparta’s ‘front door’ |
| Battle of Mantinea (First Time) #2 | but in the following battle of Sparta versus Athens/Argos, Sparta wins for the first time in a very long time, leading Argos, Elis, and Corinth to reestablish their loyalty to Sparta and leaving Athens reeling |
| Melos/Melian Dialogue | Athens asks Melos, a tiny island that is technically a Spartan ally but was overall neutral, to surrender to them after Corinth and others flip back to Sparta, and since they refuse, they slaughter all the men and enslave all the women and children |
| Sicilian Expedition | Athens gets involved with (S)Egestra and then tries to take Syracuse, fails miserably, loses great leaders and thousands of soldiers |
| Herms | figures associated with Hermes, the god of journeys/crossings, so their mutilation before the Sicilian Expedition is a bad sign, and Alcibiades was blamed for it later on |
| (S)Egesta #1 | a Sicilian city that asked for Athenian help against their neighbor, Selinus, who was a Spartan ally, and promised to pay them handsomely, so they go to help despite the hesitance of Nicias, the warnings of Pericles, and the mutilation of the Herms |
| (S)Egesta #2 | when they help but are given no money, they decide to go after the capital, Syracuse, and fail miserably, especially when Sparta comes to help, leading to the execution of leaders like Nicias and the forcing of 7,000 Athenian soldiers into the mines |
| Syracuse | the capital of Sicily which Athens tried to attack when disappointed by a lack of reward from (S)Egesta, only to be horribly defeated when Syracuse called on Sparta for help |
| Oligarchic Coup of 411 BCE #1 | occurred in Athens due to dissatisfaction with democratic leaders and partially due to the support of Alcibiades, wanting to be allowed back into Athens by being scorned from Persia when he slept with the king’s wife |
| Oligarchic Coup of 411 BCE #2 | leading to the Government of the 400, which didn’t work, so they tried the Government of the 5000, which also didn’t work, so an Athenian fleet uprose at Samos and democracy was reinstated |
| Xenophon | the man who wrote Hellenica, historian’s source for the Peloponnesian War after Thucydides suddenly stopped writing after the Battle of Cyzicus in 410 |
| Battle of Notium | the third to last battle of the Peloponnesian War where Sparta allied with Persia defeats Athens’ navy, leading Alcibiades to be officially exiled, and Athens fortified itself with 110 new ships |
| Arginusae | the second to last battle in 406 of the Peloponnesian War where despite Athens’ victory, they were unable to rescue crew members thrown into the sea due to a storm, and therefore the commanders were tried and put to death |
| Aegospotami | the final battle of the Peloponnesian War, which resulted in a Spartan victory, 190 out of 200 Athenian ships captured or destroyed, forcing them to surrender |
| Spartan, Theban, Athenian Hegemonies | afterward, Sparta’s in charge until 377 BCE when Athens and Thebes team up to defeat them, so Athens takes back control, but then Thebes takes control in 371 until they are effectively defeated in 362 and Macedon has risen in the background |
| Socrates | when Athens starts infighting after their loss in the Peloponnesian War, they project onto Socrates because he’s a dick and put him on trial, and since he’s only more of a dick, they give him a choice to be exiled or drink poison, so he drinks poison |
| Battle of Leuctra | the battle that established Theban dominance over Greece thanks to the Sacred Band in 371, liberating the helots in Messenia and replacing the Peloponnesian League with the Arcadian League |
| Epaminodas | the Theban commander of the Sacred Band who dies in 362, spelling doom for Theban power |
| The Sacred Band | a group of Theban soldiers made up of 150 gay couples, rendering them almost indestructible due to their passion for each other, but they were defeated by Alexander the Great and his father, Philip II |
| Battle of Mantinea (Second Time) | Athens and Sparta unite against Thebes in 362, and although Thebes wins, they lose their commander, Epamiondas, and fail to secure a stronghold of power, so they really lose, and Athens and Sparta bicker over who won |
| Macedonian Culture #1 | Macedon, while technically Greek, was still very different, speaking a different language that we have no record of, a tradition of theirs being a boy becoming a man by killing a boar by himself, and the king is in charge of everything |
| Macedonian Culture #2 | while the king is supposed to be a hereditary position, there’s a great deal of assassination going on that means anything is possible |
| King Archelaus | Macedon’s Solon/Lycurgus, having also traveled around to spread culture and knowledge, but he gained the throne by killing his uncle, cousin, and half-brother, and then got assassinated himself |
| Philip II of Macedon | Alexander's father who, while a part of the royal family, was sent to Thebes as prisoner as a part of their deal, but he was requested back in 360 BCE after his father and two brothers all die, making him king despite the limp he had gained in battle |
| Olympias | Alexander the Great’s mother, said to have a dream during her pregnancy that she was struck by lightning |
| Cyclades | a city-state that creates ‘the Social Wars’ from 357-355 when they revolt from Athens and Athens can’t get them back when they’re backed by both Macedon and Persia |
| Crocus Field | the bloodiest battle recorded in ancient Greek history where Philip II battled and won against Phocis |
| Third Sacred War | Thebes joined Philip II in taking on Phocis in the north from 356-346, but Philip was also working with Phocis to negotiate a peace the aided Macedon |
| Philippeion | Alexander the Great’s father, Philip II, builds this as a divine temple to himself in Olympia |
| Battle of Chaeronea | southern Greece’s last ditch effort against Macedon, led by Athens and Thebes in 338 BCE, involving the death of the Sacred Band and a cavalry charge by 18 year old Alexander the Great |
| Bucephelus | Alexander the Great’s horse |
| Corinthian League | created by Philip II, Alexander the Great’s dad, where membership is not optional, and he uses them to march against Persia in 336 BCE, causing a stalemate |
| Aristotle | Alexander the Great’s tutor |
| Alex’s Greatness | Alexander the Great was a great military leader who was in touch with his feelings and caring to his older brother (supposedly), but he also had a drinking problem, a temper, and a tendency to get tunnel vision, causing unnecessary death on his own side |
| Gordian Knot | a legendary puzzle that Alexander the Great ‘solved’ by cutting it with his sword |
| Battle at River Granicus | here in 334 BCE, Alexander the Great defeats the Persian militia, despite potentially being outnumbered as much as 10 to 1 |
| Alexandria | a city in Egypt (although there were many, many other Alexandrias) created by Alexander the Great since the Egyptians liked him for defeating Persia, where the Library of Alexandria would be located |
| Siwah | an oasis in the middle of the Egyptian desert that Alexander makes his troops go to in order to see the Oracle of Ammon (Egyptian Zeus) and be seen as some sort of god |
| Battle of Hydaspes | the last battle fought by Alexander the Great, marking his farthest advance east in India and where his soldiers mutinied and demanded to turn back |
| Proskynesis | making soldiers kiss a leader’s ring, something Alexander the Great adopts, and when his official biographer calls him out for his arrogance, he executes him and then stops doing it |
| Alexander’s Successors/Succession | Alexander the Great didn’t care who succeeded him, leading his empire to be fractured into different sections and led by different quarrelling leaders |
| Aeneas | a Trojan prince who escapes the fall of Troy, goes to Italy and marries a local princess, and then 400 years later his great (x9) grandchildren, Romulus and Remus, are born |
| Rome & Greece | Greece only became aware of Rome after 300 BCE, leading to the Pyrrhic Wars from 280-275, and then once again the Macedonian Wars from 214-148 after having to surrender in the Pyrrhic Wars, but Greece became Rome’s newest province in 146 |
| Magna Graecia | the historical Greek-speaking area of southern Italy due to its numerous Greek colonies |
| Pyrrhic Victory | winning the battle but not the war; named after Pyrrhis, a Greek commander who, despite winning every battle against Rome, eventually had to surrender due to how many soldiers he lost every time and how many Romans kept coming |
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