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history final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| common law | law that was common to the whole kingdom |
| reconquista | became over a period of time a sacred mission to many of the Christian rulers and inhabitants of the peninsula. |
| boyars | Kievan society was dominated by a noble class of landowners known as the |
| lay investiture | the practice by which secular rulers both chose and invested their nominees to church offices with the symbols of their office |
| papal curia | the administrative staff of the Catholic Church, composed of cardinals who assist the pope in running the church |
| interdict | a censure by which a region or country is deprived of receiving the sacraments |
| sacraments | rites considered imperative for a Christian’s salvation. |
| relics | were usually the bones of saints or objects intimately connected to saints that were considered worthy of veneration by the faithful. |
| crusade | a military campaign in defense of Christianity |
| Plantagenet | royal dynasty that ruled England from 1154 to 1485. |
| dynasty | is a line of rulers from the same family |
| magna carta | limited the king’s power and established that everyone must obey the law |
| Lombard league | was an alliance of northern Italian city-states |
| teutonic knights | were a medieval Catholic military order founded around 1190 during the Crusades. |
| mongols | were a Central Asian nomadic people who, under the leadership of Genghis Khan |
| catharism | was a medieval Christian religious movement |
| 4th lateran | was a major church council |
| council | formal meeting or assembly of people who come together |
| Seljuk turks | were a medieval Turko-Persian Muslim dynasty |
| pogroms | organized massacres of Jews |
| scutage | a money payment for military service that replaced the obligation of military service in the lord-vassal relationship |
| great schism | the crisis in the late medieval church when there were first two and then three popes |
| conciliarism | a movement in fourteenth-and fifteenth-century Europe that held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with a general church council |
| estates | the traditional tripartite division of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth or economic standing |
| secularism | the process of becoming more concerned with material, worldly, temporal things and less with spiritual and religious things |
| humanism | an intellectual movement in Renaissance Italy based on the study of the Greek and Roman classics |
| civic humanism | ideal and held that humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state. |
| neoplatonism | a revival of Platonic philosophy in the third century c.e., associated with Plotinus |
| hermeticism | taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature |
| nepotism | the appointment of family members to important political positions |
| pluralism | the practice of holding several church offices simultaneously |
| indulgences | the remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin |
| justification | teaching that humans are saved not through good works but by the grace of God |
| transubstantiation | a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that during the Eucharist |
| predestination | that God, as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned |
| huguenots | French Calvinists |
| politiques | placed politics above religion, and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war |
| conquistadors | ‘‘conquerors.’’ |
| encomienda | a form of economic and social organization in which a Spaniard was given a royal grant that enabled the holder of the grant to collect tribute from the Indians and use them as laborers. |
| viceroy | the administrative head of the provinces of New Spain and Peru in the Americas. |
| triangular trade | a pattern of trade in early modern Europe that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas in an Atlantic economy |
| middle passage | the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas as the middle leg of the triangular trade |
| Colombian exchange | the reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas. |
| price revolution | the dramatic rise in prices |
| joint stock company | a company or association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investment while a board of directors runs the company |
| mercantilism | an economic theory that held that a nation’s prosperity depended on its supply of gold and silver and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable |
| absolutism | a form of government in which the sovereign power or ultimate authority rested in the hands of a monarch |
| procurator | the chief decision-making body for the Russian Orthodox Church |
| gentry | well-to-do English landowners below the level of the nobility |
| mannerism | deliberately broke down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation |
| baroque | an artistic movement of the seventeenth century in Europe that used dramatic effects to arouse the emotions and reflected the search for power |
| geocentric conception | the belief that the earth was at the center of the universe and that the sun and other celestial objects revolved around the earth |
| heliocentric conception | the belief that the sun, not the earth, is at the center of the universe |
| world-machine | Newton’s conception of the universe as one huge, regulated, and uniform machine that operated accord-ing to natural laws in absolute time, space, and motion |
| cartesian dualism | Descartes’s principle of the separation of mind and matter |
| scientific method | a method of seeking knowledge through inductive principles, using experiments and observations to develop generalizations |
| empiricism | the practice of relying on observation and experiment |
| paradigm shift | a fundamental change in the way people think about, understand, or approach something |
Created by:
Kenzie_4560