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AP HUG Vocab Unit 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Political Geography | the study of the ways in which the world is organized as a reflection of the power different groups hold over territory |
| state | a politically organized independent territory with a government, defined borders, and a permanent population; a country |
| sovereignty | the right of a government to control and defend its territory and determine what happens within its borders |
| nation | a cultural entity made up of people who have forged a common identity through a shared language, religion, heritage, or ethnicity- often all four of these |
| nation-state | a politically organized and recognized territory composed of a group of people who consider themselves to be a nation |
| multi state nation | people who share a culture or ethnic background but live in more than one country |
| irredentism | attempts by a state to acquire territories in neighboring states inhabited by people of the same nation |
| multinational state | a country with various ethnicities and cultures living inside its borders |
| autonomous | having the authority to govern territories independently of the national government; for example, by having a separate currency |
| stateless nation | a people united by culture, language, history, and tradition but not possessing a state |
| territoriality | the attempt to influence or control people and events by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area; the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land |
| colonialism | the practice of claiming and dominating overseas territories |
| neocolonialism | the use economic, political, culture, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies |
| choke point | a narrow, strategic passageway to another place through which it is difficult to pass |
| shatterbelts | a region where states form, join, and break up because of ongoing, sometimes violent, conflicts among parties and because they are caught between the interests of more powerful outside states |
| self-determinism | the right of all people to choose their own political status |
| imperialism | the push to create an empire by exercising force or influence to control other nations or peoples |
| devolution | the process that occurs when the central power in a states is broken up among regional authorities within its borders |
| defining boundaries | to explicitly state in legally binding documentation such as a treaty where boundaries are located, using reference points such as natural features or lines of latitude and longitude |
| delimit boundaries | to draw boundaries on a map, in accordance with legal agreement |
| demarcate boundaries | to place physical objects such as stones, pillars, walls, or fences, to indicate where a boundary exists |
| antecedent boundary | a border established before an area becomes heavily settled |
| subsequent boundaries | a border drawn in an area that has been settled and where cultural landscapes exist or are in the process of established |
| consequent boundaries | a type of subsequent boundary that takes into account the differences that exists within a cultural landscape, separating groups that distinct languages, religions, ethnicities, or other traits |
| superimposed boundaries | a border drawn over existing accepted borders by an outside or conquering force |
| geometric boundaries | a mathematically drawn boundary that typically follows lines of latitudes and longitude or is a straight-line arc between two points |
| relic boundaries | a former boundary that no longer has an official function |
| United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) | the international agreement that established the structure of maritime boundaries |
| Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) | an area that extends 200 nautical miles from a state's coast; a state has sole access to resources found within the waters or beneath the sea floor of its EEZ |
| federal state | the organization of a state in which power is shared between the federal government and its internal regional units |
| unitary state | an organization of a state in which power is concentrated in a central government |
| Reapportionment | the redistribution of representative seats among states based on shifts in population |
| Electoral College | a set of people, called electors, who are chosen to elect the president and vice president of the united states |
| Redistricting | the redrawing of internal territorial and political boundaries |
| Gerrymandering | the drawing of legislative boundaries to give one political party an advantage in elections |
| Packing | like-minded voters are stacked in one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts |
| Cracking | like-minded voters are spread across several districts to prevent them from reaching a majority in any of them, thus wasting their vote |
| Ethnic Separatism | the process by which people of a particular ethnicity in a multinational state identify more strongly as members of their ethnic group than as citizens of the state |
| Ethnic Cleansing | the process by which a state attacks an ethnics group and tries to eliminate it through expulsion, imprisonment, or killing |
| Supranational Organization | an alliance of 3 or more states that work together in pursuit of common goals or to address an issue or challenge |
| Economies of Scale | cost reduction that occur when production rises |
| Ethnonationalism (ethnic Nationalism) | the process by which the people of a country identify as having one common ethnicity, religious belief, and language, creating a sense of pride and identity that is tied to the territory; also called ethnic nationalism |
Created by:
Violet Snave