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Stack #4586612
Nuero final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Autonomic nervous system is the | involuntary regulation of body functions to maintain homeostasis |
| Nociceptors activate | anterolateral system |
| ANS pathways have | free nerve endings, primarily activates in the Sympathetic NS, avoid tissue injury |
| Physiological Receptors activate | multiple types of receptors |
| Physiological Receptors typically | carry afferent information, and activates the PS nervous system |
| Baroreceptors respond to changes | in pressure |
| where are baroreceptors located | carotid arteries and aortic arch |
| Chemoreceptors responds to | changes in blood pressure |
| chemoreceptors increase | CO2 in the carotoid body |
| Blood CO2=Blood PH which equals | ventilation |
| Osmoreceptors responds to | changes in water content for blood |
| osmoreceptors increase | blood NA+ in the hypothalamus |
| Blood Na+= water content which equals | hydration |
| Post ganglionic cells in the Sympathetic Nervous system: | ACh, Norep, epi |
| Parasympathetic division postganglionic neurons | epi |
| white mater is composed of axons from | ascending and descending tracts |
| Grey mater is composed of neuronal cell bodies of | sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons |
| Rexed’s laminae is a system of | 10 spinal cord layers composed of neurons with similar morphology and function |
| Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is located along the spinal cord that contains the cell body of the | sensory nueron |
| Ventral root emerges from the spinal cord and contains | efferent motor neurons |
| Ramus is a branch of the spinal nerve that carries both | sensory and motor nerves bundles |
| Central pattern generators (CPGs) are neural networks with rhythmic patterns of activity that function autonomously, | without requiring continuous input from higher brain centers |
| Weight-assisted therapy can be used to build functional control after | SCI |
| Autonomic reflexes | Defecation reflex Micturition reflex |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects | nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, specifically the motor neurons. |
| As the disease progresses, individuals may experience increasing | muscle weakness and atrophy, leading to difficulty with mobility, breathing, and eventually paralysis. • 100% Fatal |
| spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is s a | a genetic neuromuscular disorder characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem |
| SMA is caused by | s in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene |
| Orthostatic hypotension can occur after standing up causing a | drastic drop in blood pressure |
| Autonomic dysreflexia is disruption of this reflex in SCI that causes a drastic increase in bp in response to a painful | noxis stimuli |
| Orthostatic hypotension can occur after.. | standing up causing a drastic loss in blood pressure |
| Autonomic dysreflexia is disruption of | SCI that causes a drastic increase in bp in response to a painful or noxious stimuli |
| discriminative touch is usally not | caused by spinal cord syndromes |
| The DC/ML, ALS, and LAS tracts on that side of the spinal cord are | affected by spinal cord injurys |
| sciatica | pain down the back of the leg |
| sciatica | weakend leg and pelvic muscles |
| Mammillary bodies are part of the | hypothalamus and integrates the limbic system |
| Crus cerebri (cerebral peduncles) – contain what type of tracts | corticospinal, corticopontine, corticobulbar tracts |
| Pyramids contain | motor fibers of corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts |
| Inferior colliculus processes | auditory information |
| Superior colliculus processes | visual information |
| Red nuclei contains | UMN from rubrospinal tracts |
| Substantia nigra produces | dopamine from basal ganglia |
| Reticular activating system (RAS) is a network of | nuclei in the brainstem that regulates wakefulness, and sleep wake cycle |
| Serotonin Pathway | raphe nuclei |
| Frontal lobe functions | Executive function • Decision making • Attention • Impulse control |
| Parietal lobe functions | sensory integration • Numerical estimation - intraparietal sulcus (IPS) |
| Temporal lobe | Auditory processing • Speech • Visual recognition |
| Occipital lobe | visual processing |
| Brocas area | speech production |
| Wernicke’s aphasia | production of speech remains intact however lacks ability construct meaningful sentences |
| Wernickes area | language comprehension and contex |
| what is the Arcuate Fasiculus | White matter tracts that connect Broca’s to Wernicke’s area |
| Insular Cortex covers | Sensory processing (e.g. pain) • Emotional regulation • Autonomic regulation • Interoception – awareness of internal state |
| Thalamus is the | relay center for sensor/motor information to cortex Organized by function: • Sensory processing |
| Limbic system function | Emotions, Memory, and Motivation |
| Amygdala – regulates strong | emotional responses and memory consolidation |
| anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated in | emotional processing, empathy, and social cognition |
| posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is involved in | memory retrieval and consolidation |
| Orbitofrontal cortex – regulates | emotion and impulse control |
| Nucleus accumbens– regulates | motivation and reinforcement learning |
| Hippocampus– regulates | learning and memory |
| Declarative memory process | Encoding, Consolidation, Storage, Retrieval |
| What does the BBB allow thru | Oxygen - Glucose - Amino acids - Water - Lipid-soluble molecules - Metabolic waste (CO2) - Neurotransmitters |
| what does the BBB NOT allow thru? | Large molecules (e.g. proteins) - Toxins (e.g. microbial toxins) - Immune cells - Pathogens (e.g. viruses, bacteria, parasites) |
| Cerebral Sinus are | specialized venous channels located within the dura mater |
| Ischemic stroke occurs when | blood supply to a part of the brain is blocked or significantly reduced |
| Ischemic strokes are the | most common |
| Thrombotic stroke occurs from | build up of plaque due to atherosclerosis |
| Embolic stroke forms from a | traveling blood clot |
| Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when | a weakened blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the brain |
| Hemorrhagic strokes are | least common but most fatal |
| what causes hemorrhagic strokes | blows to the head or hypertension |
| risk factors of hemorrhagic strokes | hypertension, smoking, age, family related issues |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by | ependymal cells of the choroid plexus |
| CSF functions to | immune support, nutrient support, and Cushions the brain/spinal cord |
| Hematoma is the accumulation of | blood in the brain parenchyma or within the meningeal layers covering the brain |
| Epidural hematoma is between the | skull and dura mater |
| Hydrocephalus is | abormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles |
Created by:
ecoesfeldd