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Janz EES 3.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| water | a clear, odorless, tasteless liquid (H₂O) essential for life, composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom |
| capillary action | the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces, like tubes or porous materials, against gravity; driven by the interplay of adhesion (liquid sticking to the solid) and cohesion (liquid sticking to itself) forces, plus surface tension, making liquids "wi |
| cohesion | the simple act or state of sticking together, referring to the attraction between molecules of the same substance (like water droplets holding shape) |
| adhesion | when different things stick to each other, like glue holding two different surfaces together. It's the force that makes a water droplet stick to a leaf or a piece of tape stick to paper. |
| property | a specific characteristic or quality of a substance that helps describe and identify it, like color, hardness, density, or melting point, which can be observed or measured without changing what the substance fundamentally is |
| transfer | the movement or conversion of something (like energy, matter, or a concept) from one place, object, or form to another, without it being created or destroyed |
| polarity | means its molecules have a slight negative charge on the oxygen side and slight positive charges on the hydrogen sides, like tiny magnets, because oxygen pulls shared electrons more strongly |
| energy | the capacity to do work or produce heat |
| atmosphere | a blanket of air and gases surrounding a planet like Earth, held in place by gravity 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% other gases |
| hydrosphere | all the water on Earth, existing as liquid (oceans, rivers), solid (ice, glaciers), and gas (water vapor in the atmosphere), found on the surface, underground, and in the air, making up the planet's water cycle |
| climate | the average weather in a place over a long period, usually 30 years or more, describing typical conditions like temperature, rainfall, and wind |
| convection | the transfer of heat in liquids and gases (fluids) through the movement of the fluid itself, where warmer, less dense fluid rises and cooler, denser fluid sinks, creating continuous convection currents that circulate heat from hotter to cooler areas |
| freeze | the physical process where a liquid turns into a solid as it cools down, losing energy, slowing its molecules, and arranging them into a fixed, structured crystal pattern |
| dissolve | for a substance (solute, like sugar) to break down into its individual particles (atoms, ions, or molecules) and evenly mix into another substance (solvent, like water) to form a uniform mixture called a solution |
| specific heat capacity | its ability to absorb a large amount of heat energy without a big temperature change, meaning it takes more energy to heat up water than many other substances, making it an excellent coolant and climate stabilizer |
| solid | a state of matter with a definite shape and volume because its particles (atoms/molecules) are tightly packed in fixed positions |
| liquid | a state of matter with a fixed volume but no fixed shape; it flows & takes the shape of its container; Its particles (atoms/molecules) are close but can slide past each other, unlike solids where they're fixed, or gases where they're far apar |
| solute | the substance that gets dissolved by another substance (the solvent) to form a solution |
| solvent | a substance that dissolves another substance (a solute), resulting in a solution. Water is often called the universal solvent because many different substances can be dissolved by it. |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture where one substance (the solute) is dissolved evenly into another substance (the solvent) |
| surface tension | The inward force that holds the liquid molecules together, creating the cohesive pull that allows the liquid to move up as a column. |
| Example of cohesion | water droplets holding together on a leaf (due to hydrogen bonds), insects walking on water's surface (surface tension from sticking molecules), or lungs staying attached to the chest wall (water film glue) |
| Example of adhesion | water is water climbing up a straw or soaking into a paper towel, where water molecules stick to the fibers or glass (a different substance) rather than just themselves, demonstrating their attraction to other materials |
| Example of surface tension | where the surface of a liquid, in this case water, behaves like an elastic film due to the strong cohesive forces between the water molecules. The most common examples you can observe daily include insects walking on water and a paper clip floating |
| Example of capillary action | the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity. An excellent example of this phenomenon in water can be seen in how paper towels absorb a spill |
| gas | a state of matter characterized by particles that are widely separated, moving rapidly & randomly, & filling any container they occupy; no fixed shape or volume; they expand to fit the available space; low density & high compressibility, allowing their vo |
| water cycle | Earth's continuous process of recycling water; evaporation, condensation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, ground water, infiltration - using changes in energy to create a cycle |
| Kelvin scale | the scientific standard for temperature, an absolute scale where 0 K (absolute zero) is the lowest possible temperature, representing the complete absence of thermal energy |
| Absolute scale | Starts at absolute zero (0 K), where molecular motion stops, making negative temperatures impossible. |
| universal solvent | a substance that dissolves the most types of other substances, with water being the prime example due to its polar nature, allowing it to attract and break apart many ionic and polar molecules |
| heterogeneous solution | a blend of two or more substances where you can see the different parts, and the composition isn't uniform throughout, like sand and water or a salad, where components remain physically separate |
| homogeneous solution | a mixture where the components are uniformly distributed throughout, appearing as a single phase. The composition is consistent at every point within the mixture |
| Examples of a homogeneous solution | saltwater, air |
| Examples of a heterogeneous solution | sand and water, salad |
Created by:
ejanznc