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Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many farms are there? | 570 million worldwide |
| Why the change to fewer small farms? | Expenses have increased, profits have decreased |
| Resources required for modern agriculture | water-irrigation uses large amounts of water Artificial fertilizers: necessary to increase yield antibiotics: large #s of animals are fed antibiotics to prevent infection |
| resources required for modern agriculture | herbicide: kill weed pesticide: chemicals to kill insect GMOS; genetically modified organisms technology: gps, satellies, complex machinery, automation, etc |
| material applied to soil or plants to supply essential elements | fertilizer |
| Mineral fertilizer: | ground rocks containing nutrients low nutrient content and slow to dissolve |
| organic fertilizer | eg blood meal, can be expensive |
| synthetic fertilizer | manufactured, contain C and H |
| inorganic: | mined or manufactured |
| fertilizer: | production uses a huge amount of energy ammonia is the most common nitrogen based fertilizer |
| Issues with fertilizer | runoff--contributes to eutrophication Toxic by-products formed during production |
| antibiotics | used to treat sick animals and prevent disease creates antibiotic resistance in some animals |
| herbicides | glysphosate most commonly used herbicide controversial due to studies related to cancer risk sprayed on roundup ready crops (soybean, corn, cotton) |
| Pesticides | insects can greatly reduce |
| neonicotinoids | pesticide thought to harm bees and other pollinators remains in plant tissue for several weeks public opinion has driven some retailers to drop these products |
| Biological control of pests | part of integrated pest management using one living organism to feed/ control another component of organic farming |
| technology | global positioning systemGPS becoming more and more important for farming |
| confined animal feeding operations more than 1000 confined animals more than 45 days a year | industrial farming: CAFO |
| problems with CAFOS | disease, --> increase antibiotic use large volumes of waste high volume of water consumption animal rights vs. human needs sometimes causes problems for surrounding farms/homes/water sources |
| industrial farming... aquaculture | similar to CAFOs-- aquatic equivalent Used to produce fish (tilapia, salmon, etc) and other seafood (shrimp, oysters, clams) benefits: reducces wild harvest, important when our natural fisheries are overfished concerns: pollution, feed |
| substinence farming | still occurs in some parts of the world relies on manual labor and animals for harvest and cultivation relies on natural rainfall and other water sources besides irrigation relatively low yields often done for immediate family and perhaps to sell |
| increased food production due to green revolution | rapid increase in agricultural production, particularly in wheat led by Dr. Norman Borlaug reduced hunger worldwide world food prize |
| improving crops | artificial selection = humans breeding plants and animals for desirable traits plants: selected for higher yields and other desirable traits teosinite vs corn-- corn has a much higher yield |
| GMOS | artificial selection combines entire genome genetic engineering targets a specific gene/trait many foods contain genetically modified products |
| concerns for GMOS | alleriges non target species become resistant patent/ownership labelling |
| Golden rice | genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene (pre cursor of vitamin A) designed to address vitamin A deficiency, which caused blindness in many children per year Opposed by green peace and other groups against genetic modification |
| Organic farming requirements | grazing, free range animals reduced use of pesticides, etc compost and manure are main fertilizers used farming practices: interplanting crops, crop rotation, bicontrol, IPM |
| PROs and CONS of organic farming | reduced yields, but often better for animals and the environment |
| what do we eat? | diets vary based on economic status, food availability and environmental conditions 1.9 billion adults are overweight or obese, 462 million are underweight |
| food supply | growing food is not possible in all areas and must be distributed does not always reach who it is intended for 11.1 of all households food insecure |
| food deserts | areas that have little to no access to healthy, affordable food often coincides with low income populations healthy food such as fruits and vegetables are more expensive than packaged, processed foods |
| famine | extreme shortage of food that leads to starvation and death often caused by natural disasters or other climate events, also disease can be made worse by corrupt governments, civil wars, etc |
| subsidies | government payment to encourage farmers to grow specific crops |
| Corn! | over 93% of all corn grown in the United States is never fed to people, but is instead used as livestock feed Is in the majority of products we eat daily! |
| Food Waste | Estimates indicate that about 1/3 of all food produced per year is wasted/lost 45% of fruits, 25% of seafood, etc Much higher waste in industrialized countries increased greenhouse gases composting can help, but not for meat and dairy products |
| combating food waste | reducing serving sizes buying fresh food locally reduces transportation costs rerouting food to shelters or other locations some grocery stores focus on "expired" or damaged food some cities//businesses are encouraging or requiring composting of food |
| blanket of gases surrounding earth, containing methane, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, etc | atmosphere |
| distribution of gases | larges concentration is nitrogen oxygen water vapor carbon dioxide makes up very small amount compared to others, but makes big problems |
| troposphere | closest to earth (5-9 miles) densest layer of air, contains water where all weather occurs |
| Tropopause: | NO mixing between troposphere and stratosphere |
| Stratosphere | extends to 31 miles where the ozone layer is |
| mesophere | 31-53 miles (cold!) |
| thermosphere | extends to 372 miles |
| fast moving region of wind that has a major impact on weather patterns | jet stream |
| caused by solar winds | northern lights |
| what is outside right now | weather |
| long term weather averages | climate |
| what causes temperature boundary in the troposphere? | Ozone O3 molecules in stratosphere absorb UV radiation |
| importance of ozone | ozone absorbs UV radiation from the sun without ozone, much higher incidence of skin cancers ozone depleted with use of CFCs...... led to HOLE IN OZONE! |
| ozone hole | when CFCs drift into stratosphere, broken up by UV radiation, and releases chlorine atoms, which destroy ozone molecules world came together to solve this problem --> montreal protocol |
| montreal protocol | global treaty to ban use of CFCs in most products worked ahead of schedule due to global cooperation! |
| atmospheric energy capture | 1/4 reflected by clouds and atmospheric gases 1/2 absorbed by CO2, water vapor, ozone, methane, and a few other gases 1/2 of incoming solar radiation reaches the earth's surface |
| greenhouse effect | in a greenhouse, glass allows sunlight to enter glass traps heat inside atmosphere acts like glass in greenhouse |
| cause of greenhouse effect | absorption of sunlight heat released by living things Natural process or else would be way too cold without it |
| human activities that contribute to greenhouse effect | increase of burning fossil fuels causes global warming at unprecedented rates |
| burning fossil fuels | major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions natural gas, oil,, coal, non renewable resources flares are excess gases burned off during drilling for natural gas/oil - oil well flares |
| coal plants | Though the # of coal plants is significantly lower than it was 20 years ago, coal is still a component of the electrical grid in many areas |
| extracting fossil fuels | Injecting liquid at high pressure into rocks to force open existing fissures and extract oil or gas Allows access to previously unreachable materials ProblemsUses large volume of waterpotential groundwater contaminationtremors from moving earth |
| north dakota oil bloom | Bakken formation is large area containing many million barrels of oil Oil companies came to area after the USGS described the areas potential Led to a boom in constructionmany new jobsetc Downsides:environmental damage, crime, skyrocketing prices |
| oil production leads to some contentious issues | Environmental degradation Oil rights |
| is oil bloom still happening? | Oil industry negatively impacted by COVID-19 Renewable energy is becoming more widespread and affordable |
| how much has global temp increases since 1880 | Global average temp on earth has increased by a little more than 1C or 2F since 1880 ⅔ of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.2C per decade |
| greenhouse effect causes climate change | hanges in climate factors globally and locally Temp, precipitation average changes Happens in response to global warming |
| what causes natural climatic swings? | 11 year cycle in the sun’s intensity– accounts for modest climate changes Milankovitch cycles– more dramatic shifts due to changes in the Earth’s orbit and tilt and wobble on its axis Varies intensity of incoming solar energy |
| ocean/atmospheric oscillations also influence climate | El Nino/Souther Oscillation (ENSO) affects weather throughout the pacific Monsoons, serious droughtts Trade winds hold pool of warm surface water in W Pacific Heavy Indonesian rains Wind weakens, warm low pressure conditions shift |
| ice cores | Where cold is persistent, snow accumulates over centuries New layers compress lower layers into ice Tiny air bubbles remain Bubble = sample of atmosphere at the time snow fell Climatologists use ice cores to show atmospheric change |
| greenhouse gases | Methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, CFCs |
| water | Warmer air holds more humidity Humidity absorbs radiant energy and traps heat More humidity means more clouds (condensed water vapor) Clouds reflect light Ultimately, less heat trapping effect than other greenhouse gases |
| nitrous oxide | Sources: Fertilizer use Burning fossil fuels (especially coal-fired power plants) and biomass |
| methane | Sources: Landfills Bogs and swamps Ride paddies Cattle Oil and natural gas production |
| co2 | Known as the Keeling Curve Longest Continuous record of direct CO2 measurement Humans responsible for CO2 increases in the past 150 years |
| Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Scientists and gov’t representatives from 130 countries Aim: review scientific evidence on causes and likely effects of human-caused climate change |
| Policy makers have made little progress in finding solutions | Conclusion: 90% certainty that climate change is caused by human activity Subsequent reports raised that certainty to 99% |
| IPCC recommendations | imate control is a free-rider problem Nobody wants to take action– fear that others might benefit from sacrifices |
| Global warming potentials of greenhouse gases What effects are predicted by the ipcc reports? | Arctic sea ice only half thick now aswas 30 years ago antarctica ice shelves are breaking up causes decline in ice-dependent species requent, widespread droughts reefs worldwide are bleaching, losing key algae Storms are more frequent more intense |
| Ways to control GH emissions | Reduce dependence on coal, which produces more CO2 per year energy unit than any other fuel Institute fees for selling fossil fuels Represent hidden costs of fossil fuels |
| Ways to control GH emissions | Invest in new technologies and energy efficiency Invest in new technologies and energy efficiency |
| What climate change means for South Dakota | Average temperature increase more than the nationwide average Summers increasingly hot (=higher risk to human health and lower crop yields) Increase evaporation and plant water use Potential for increased frequency and severity of droughts |
| What climate change means for South Dakota | Soil moisture More water likely to run into the Missouri River, more recreation, hydroelectric power generation Increased severity of storms; predicted that more of our precipitation comes via downpours, increasing risk of flooding Tornadoes |
| What climate change means for South Dakota Agriculture | Increased weed pest growth b/c warmer winters Crop yields uncertain Longer growing season; possibility of two crops per year instead of one Warmer winters benefit livestock Increased growing season = more pollen season for allergy suffer |
| What climate change means for South Dakota | Forests more susceptible to pests |
| Meeting in Rio de Janeiro set objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions | 1992 UN Earth Summit |
| 160 nations agreed to roll back GH gas emissions around 5% below 1990 levels by 2012 China and Indiea were exempted (development) US never ratified this agreement DIDNT WORK→ Emissions have increased 25% since 1990 | 1997 Kyoto Protocol |
| 195 countries, including US, agree to country specific goals to reduce greenhouse | 2015 Paris Agreement |
Created by:
ab4677