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Nsamaka Nyadu
Week 14 Physiology Final exam preparation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain how memories are formed | Through encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Repeated signals strengthen synapses (LTP), with the hippocampus helping create new memories |
| Discuss disorders of nerve signaling | Conditions where neurons fail to communicate properly, such as MS, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and peripheral neuropathy. |
| How do neurotransmitters work | Neurotransmitters are chemicals released by neurons that cross the synapse and bind to receptors on another cell, allowing nerve signals to pass from one neuron to the next. |
| Discuss the function of the spinal cord. | The spinal cord sends messages between the brain and the body and controls quick reflexes that protect you from harm. |
| Discuss processes of brain development. | Brain development includes neuron growth, migration to their proper locations, forming synapses (connections), pruning unused connections, and strengthening important ones to improve learning and function |
| Compare and contrast somatic sensory and somatic motor pathways. | Somatic sensory carry information from the body to the brain (touch, pain, temperature), while somatic motor pathways carry commands from the brain to the skeletal muscles for movement. Sensory pathways are ascending, and motor pathways are descending |
| Discuss the function of the autonomic nervous system as a whole. | The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary body functions like heart rate, breathing, digestion, and blood pressure, helping the body maintain balance and respond to stress without conscious effort. |
| What is the main function of the sympathetic pathway and the parasympathetic pathway? | sympathetic pathway is for Fight or flight response during stress while parasympathetic pathway is for Rest and digest response during relaxation. |
| Compare endocrine function with nervous function. | The nervous system sends fast electrical signals, while the endocrine system sends slower hormone signals through the blood. |
| Discuss the mechanisms of hypersecretion and hyposecretion. | Hypersecretion occurs when a gland overproduces a hormone due to tumors, overstimulation, or gland damage, while hyposecretion occurs when a gland underproduces a hormone because of destruction, lack of stimulation, or genetic defects. |
| Discuss the hormonal functions of the ovaries and testes. | The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone to regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, while the testes produce testosterone to control male traits and sperm production. |
| Identify the primary functions of blood, its fluid and cellular components, and its physical characteristics | It transport gases,nutrients, regulates temperature and pH, protects against infection, with plasma carrying dissolved substance, cells providing oxygen transport and immunity, and its physical trait including viscosity and color reflecting compositision |
| Name the centers of the brain that control heart rate and describe their function | The medulla oblongata’s cardiac centers—cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory which use to control heart rate by increasing or decreasing the heart’s activity through autonomic signals. |
| Describe the function of the lymphatic tissue | Lymphatic tissue filters lymph, produces and houses immune cells, and helps defend the body against infections. |
| Discuss the function of the primary and secondary lymphatic organs | Primary lymphatic organs (bone marrow and thymus) produce and mature lymphocytes, while secondary organs (lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils) activate these cells to defend against pathogens. |
| Explain the functions of antibodies. | Antibodies bind to specific antigens to neutralize pathogens, mark them for destruction, and prevent them from infecting healthy cells. |
| Differentiate between the two major categories of immune mechanisms. | immunity gives fast, general protection against any threat, while specific (adaptive) immunity provides targeted defense by recognizing and remembering particular pathogens. |
| Explain how blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. | Blood transports oxygen by binding it to hemoglobin in red blood cells and carries carbon dioxide by dissolving it in plasma, forming bicarbonate, or binding it to hemoglobin for removal. |
| Define pulmonary ventilation and outline the mechanism of normal, quiet inspiration and expiration. | Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs, with quiet inspiration caused by diaphragm contraction that enlarges the thoracic cavity and quiet expiration occurring passively as the diaphragm relaxes and the lungs recoil. |
| Describe the primary mechanisms of the digestive system. | The digestive system works through ingestion, secretion, digestion, absorption, and elimination to break down food, absorb nutrients, and remove wastes. |
| Explain the process of emptying the stomach. | Stomach emptying occurs as rhythmic gastric contractions push chyme through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum, regulated by hormonal and neural signals that control the rate of release. |
| Define the term enzyme and classify enzymes according to the type of chemical reaction catalyzed. | An enzyme is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions, and enzymes are classified as oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases based on the type of reaction they catalyze. |
| Compare and contrast protein, fat, and carbohydrate digestion. | Carbohydrates are digested into sugars by amylases, proteins are broken into amino acids by stomach and pancreatic enzymes, and fats are emulsified by bile and digested into fatty acids and glycerol by lipases. |
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Mimimama3