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chapter 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does the CNS consist of | brain and spinal cord |
| what are gray matter areas | function as intergration area |
| what do these areas contain, where at in the brain, and where at in the spinal cord | contain: 1) nuclei or collection or neuron cell bodies in the CNS and 2)mostly cell bodies and some glial cells located - brain: in superficial layer of the brian, cerebral cortex spinal cord - deeper nuclei at the enter of the spinal cord (gray horns |
| what are white matter areas | function as information transfer areas |
| what do white matter areas contain, what are tracts, and what are columns | comntains: only neurons axons, glial cells, not cell bodies and the axons are myelinated axons include: tracts (bundles of axons) and columns (collections of similar tracts) |
| cervical enlargment | between C4 and T1 vertebrae - nerves of brachial plexus arise here |
| lumbar enlargment | between T9 and T12 vertebrae - lower nerves arise here |
| conus medularis | tapered conical portion of the spinal cord that ends at the intervertebral disc between L1 and L2 |
| cauda equina | spinal nerves that extend inferiorly in the vertebral canal giving the apperance of wisps of coarse hair like a horse's tail |
| filum terminal | non-neural fibrous tissue extending from the conuss medullaris to the coccyx that consists mostly of pia matter |
| central canal | narrow passage way in the gray commissure that is filled with CSF |
| anterior median fissure | deep, wide groove on the anterior surface of the spinal cord |
| posterior median sulcus | shallow, groove on the posterior surface of the spinal cord |
| posterior/dorsal root | axons of sensory neurons which carry electrical impulses to spinal cord |
| dorsal root/spinal ganglia | cell bodies of sensory neurons |
| anterior/ventral root | motor neurons which carry motor commands out of the spinal cord |
| spinal nerve | the unison of the dorsal and ventral root creats a spinal nerves - mixed nerves becuase they contain both sensory and motor information |
| spinal nerve: dorsal ramus | contains only somatic motor and visceral motor fibers - these control the skin or skeletal muscles of the back |
| spinal nerve: ventral ramus | contain somatice motor neurons which control the body wall and limbs - serves as the roots for the nerve plexuses |
| spinal nerve: rami communicates | connect to the sympathetic trunk/ chain ganglia - two branches: preganglionic (white ramus) or post ganglionic (gray ramus) |
| preganglionic white ramus | first branch of the spinal nerve - routes for visceral motor fiberd to sympathetic trunk ganglia (enters) |
| post ganglionic gray ramus | the route visceral motor neurons take to get to effector cells (leaves) - smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, glands, adipose`` |
| what are meninges | is a membrane that surrounds the spinal cord and brain |
| dura mater: endosteal layer | or poriosteal layers - outer most layer that is fused to the periostem |
| dura mater: meningeal layer | inner layer |
| dura mater: epidural space | the space between the vertebrae and the dura (superficial to the dura) - contains loose connective tissues and adipose |
| dura mater: subdural space | seperates dura mater from the arachnoid layer |
| arachnoid mater: subarachnoid space | |
| pia mater | |
| arachnoid mater | |
| dura mater | |
| what is gray matter | |
| what gives gray matter its color | |
| what is white matter | |
| anterior gray horn | |
| posterior gray horn | |
| lateral gray horn | |
| gray commissure | |
| what does gray matter do | |
| what are nuclei | |
| what kind of nuclei are in the cns | |
| where are they in the spinal cord | |
| posterior gray horn: posterior part - what nuclei do they have | |
| posterior gray horn: anterior part - what nuclei do they have | |
| lateral gray horn - what nuclei do they have | |
| anterior gray horn - what nuclei do they have | |
| anterior white collumn | |
| posterior white collumn | |
| lateral white collumn | |
| white commissure | |
| what are tracts or fasculi | |
| what are ascending tracts | |
| what are descending tracts | |
| epineurium | |
| perinerium | |
| endoneurium | |
| what are dermatomes | |
| ventral rami | |
| dorsal rami | |
| dorsal ramus | |
| ventral ramus | |
| sympathetic nerve | |
| what is the path of communication between spinal cord tracts and most of the body | |
| how many pairs of spinal nerves are there | |
| how many spinal nerves - cervical | |
| how many spinal nerves - thoracic | |
| how many spinal nerves - lumbar | |
| how many spinal nerves - sacral | |
| how many spinal nerves - coccygeal | |
| The ventral rami of the spinal nerves, except for ________________, do not go directly to body structures they suppl | |
| Instead, they join with adjacent nerves on either side of the body to form a network called a _______________________________ | |
| Cervical plexus - what ventral rami | |
| Cervical plexus - what does it innervate | |
| Cervical plexus - list the nerves | |
| Cervical plexus - what ventral rami | |
| Cervical plexus - what does it innervate | |
| Cervical plexus - list the nerves | |
| Sacral plexus: - what ventral rami | |
| Sacral plexus: - what does it innervate | |
| Sacral plexus: list the nerves | |
| About how many sensory neurons do we have? | |
| About how many motor neurons do we have? | |
| About how many interneurons do we have? | |
| What do sensory neurons do? | |
| What do motor neurons do? | |
| What do interneurons do? | |
| What are neuronal pools? | |
| Divergence | |
| Convergence | |
| Serial processing | |
| Parallel processing | |
| Reverberation | |
| What is a reflex? | |
| What are the 3 components of a reflex? | |
| List and describe the 6 steps of a reflex arc: step 1 | |
| List and describe the 6 steps of a reflex arc: step 2 | |
| List and describe the 6 steps of a reflex arc: step 3 | |
| List and describe the 6 steps of a reflex arc: step 4 | |
| List and describe the 6 steps of a reflex arc: step 5 | |
| List and describe the 6 steps of a reflex arc: step 6 | |
| There are 4 ways that reflexes can be classified - by development | |
| There are 4 ways that reflexes can be classified - innate development | |
| There are 4 ways that reflexes can be classified - acquired development | |
| There are 4 ways that reflexes can be classified - by response | |
| There are 4 ways that reflexes can be classified - visceral response | |
| There are 4 ways that reflexes can be classified - somatic response | |
| There are 4 ways that reflexes can be classified - by complexity of circuit | |
| There are 4 ways that reflexes can be classified - monosynaptic | |
| There are 4 ways that reflexes can be classified - polysynaptic | |
| There are 4 ways that reflexes can be classified - site of inforamtion processing | |
| There are 4 ways that reflexes can be classified - cranial | |
| There are 4 ways that reflexes can be classified - spinal | |
| Stretch reflex | |
| Tendon reflex | |
| Withdrawal reflex | |
| Crossed extensor reflex | |
| Crossed extensor reflex - ipsilateral | |
| Crossed extensor reflex - contralateral | |
| What is a muscle spindle? | |
| What are the composed of? | |
| What surrounds the center? | |
| What are they responsible for? | |
| What innervates the intrafusal muscle fibers? | |
| What do the sensory neurons do? | |
| What are the motor neurons called? | |
| dura mater | outer most layer - tough, white, dense, fibrous, outer layer of connective tissue - divided into two layers |
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