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Brianda Cardenas
SCI221 Weeks 7-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The enzyme pepsin begins the digestion of: | protein. |
| The enterogastric reflex causes: | inhibition of gastric peristalsis. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the liver? | Secretion of insulin |
| Which of the following is not true of enzymes? | They change chemically and are in the end products of the reaction. |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | cotransport. |
| The major site for the absorption of the end products of digestion is the: | small intestine. |
| Which step of deglutition is under voluntary control? | Oral stage |
| The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin: | causes the pancreas to increase exocrine secretions high in enzyme content. opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells. stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder. |
| The purpose of peristalsis is to: | propel food forward along the GI tract. |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzymes known as: | amylase. |
| When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as _____ enzymes. | hydrolyzing |
| The hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum, is called: | gastric inhibitory peptide. |
| The final product of carbohydrate digestion is a: | monosaccharide. |
| The hormone thought to be a messenger causing release of digestive enzymes from the intestinal mucosa is: | vasoactive intestinal peptide. |
| Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is(are) stimulated by the sight, taste, and smell of food? | Cephalic phase |
| The hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate substance from the pancreas is: | secretin. |
| Which of the processes of mechanical digestion involves the esophagus? | Both A and B |
| Hydrolysis refers to: | using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. |
| The process of swallowing is known as: | deglutition. |
| The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is: | cholecystokinin. |
| Which of the following helps determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute? | All of the above help determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute. |
| Internal respiration can be defined as: | the exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the tissue cells. |
| Which of the following would you expect to happen to cellular respiration during exercise? | Increased cellular respiration occurs during exercise, causing a rise in plasma PCO2, which is detected by central chemoreceptors in the brain and perhaps peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aorta to cause an increase in respiration rate. |
| The function of surfactant is to: | prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration. |
| Which gas law deals with the solubility of gases in solution? | Henry |
| Which of the following is not a means of transporting oxygen in the blood? | Combined with the bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) |
| Gas exchange, the lungs’ main and vital function, takes place in the: | alveoli. |
| Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system? | Control of cell metabolism rate |
| The term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration is: | tidal volume. |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is to: | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system. |
| By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart, what percentage of the blood’s hemoglobin has united with oxygen? | 97% |
| Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature. | inversely; constant |
| The PCO2 in alveolar air is _____ blood. | Both A and C are correct. |
| During inspiration, the expansion of the lungs causes: | a decrease in alveolar pressure. |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20% |
| If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml. | 150 |
| Ciliated cells lining the respiratory tract: | do both B and C. |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and |
| Which of the following combinations in arterial blood could cause an increase in the respiratory rate? | Increased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, decreased pH, decreased PO2 |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | as bicarbonate ions. |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called | diapedesis. |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis. |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are | fluid balance and immunity. |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. | Species resistance |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | spleen |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor. |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? | sebum mucus enzymes hydrochloric acid in gastric mucos |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | innate and adaptive immunity. |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | antigen’s epitopes fit into and bind to an antigen molecule’s antigen-binding site. |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte. |
| The function of which antibody is basically unknown? | IgD |
| Complement can best be described as a(n): | enzyme in blood. |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called | lymphokinetic activities |
| _______ is the only antibody class with the ability to cross the placental barrier, providing passive immunity to the developing fetus during pregnancy. | IgG. |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis. |
| Memory cells: | become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen. |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called: | self-tolerance. |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | clonal selection theory |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| The vagus is said to act as a “brake” on the heart. This situation is called | vagal inhibition. |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called | pulse pressure. |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | hematopoietic stem cells. |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: | hemodynamics. |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | vasodilation. |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen. |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? | aldosterone, ANH, and ADH |
| The localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue is called | perfusion pressure. |
| Which of the following vessels do not have the ability to constrict and dilate? | capillaries |
| Cardiac output is determined by | stroke volume and heart rate. |
| Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with: | body fat. |
| What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscle being electrically coupled to form a single functional syncytium? | Because they form a syncytium, muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall, stimulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium. |
| Which of the following is(are) involved in determining a person’s total blood volume? | Age Body type Sex |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called | diapedesis. |
| Which of the following is not true of ventricles? | They are the pumping chambers of the heart. The myocardium of the ventricles is thicker than that of the atria. The myocardium of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle. |
| A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of: | polycythemia. |
| If damaged, which valve could allow blood to leak back into the right atrium? | Tricuspid |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | It flows into the inferior vena cava. |
| All of the following are components critical to coagulation except | none of the above; all of these components are critical to coagulation. |
| If you slammed your finger in a car door, it would stimulate _____ pain fibers | acute |
| Which of the following is a function of glucagon? | Tends to increase blood glucose concentrations |
| In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are: | slow to appear but long-lasting. |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: | Ruffini corpuscles. |
| The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including: | touch. temperature. pain. |
| Which of the following is not true of a receptor potential? | It follows the all-or-none law. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? | Chemical messenger travels a short distance. |
| All of the following are true statements except: | aspirin produces some of its effects by increasing PGE synthesis. |
| Which of the following statements is not true of the pineal gland? | Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight. |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? | Internal organs |
| The olfactory tract carries impulses associated with: | smell. |
| When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called: | permissiveness. |
| The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is | endolymph. |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: | corticotrophs. |
| The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is: | protein kinases activate other enzymes. |
| Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or “crude” sensation awareness? | Thalamus |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: | progesterone. |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | transcription of RNA. |
| The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the: | anterior pituitary. |
| The two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: | the sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body. |
| Norepinephrine is liberated at: | most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. |
| The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased | False |
| Normal infants will show the Babinski reflex up to the age of _____ years. | 1.5-2 |
| The part of the brain that can directly influence or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary is the: | hypothalamus. |
| Which is(are) the neurotransmitter(s) in a somatic motor pathway? | Acetylcholine |
| Nerves that innervate the floor of the pelvic cavity and some of the surrounding areas are found in the _____ plexus. | coccygeal |
| Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because: | preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers. |
| All of the following are examples of parasympathetic stimulation except: | increased heart rate. |
| Somatic motor and autonomic pathways share all of the following characteristics except: | number of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector. |
| All of the following cranial nerves are involved in proprioception except the: | vagus. |
| If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. | willed movement |
| In a healthy adult, a well-placed tap on the knee will result in a: | stretch of the tendon, the quadriceps femoris, and thereby stimulation of the muscle spindles. |
| Audition is a function of the _____ lobe. | temporal |
| Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? | Regulation of motor activity |
| A child was frightened by a large dog. The pupils of the child’s eyes became dilated, and the heart and respiratory rates increased. These symptoms were caused by stimulation of: | the sympathetic nervous system. |
| Biofeedback involves willful control of specific effectors normally controlled only autonomically. | True |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | choroid plexuses. |
| Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? | Constriction of the bronchioles |
| Acetylcholine can stimulate _____ receptors. | nicotinic |
| Most effectors of the autonomic nervous system are dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. | True |
| Within the nervous system, coding for the strength of a stimulus is accomplished through: | the frequency of nerve impulses. |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| The brief period during which a local area of an axon's membrane resists re-stimulation is called the __________ period. | refractor |
| During a relative refractory period: | the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus. |
| Compared with the outside of the neuron, the inside has a(n) ____ charge. | negative |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct an impulse that is how much faster than the slowest fibers in the body? | Almost 300 times faster |
| There are two types of synapses—the electrical synapse and the __________ synapse. | chemical |
| Which of the following is not used by the body as a neurotransmitter? | Nitric oxide Acetylcholine Carbon monoxide |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? | Phenelzine |
| A term commonly used as a synonym for action potential is | nerve impulse. |
| When an impulse reaches a synapse: | chemical transmitters are released. |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: | none of the above. |
| No impulse can be sent through a neuron: | during the absolute refractory period. |
| The active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions and at different rates is the | sodium-potassium pump. |
| The neurotransmitter(s) that inhibit(s) the conduction of pain impulses is(are): | enkephalins. |
| Which is true of an action potential? | The outside of the plasma membrane is negatively charged, and the inside is positively charged. |
| Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as: | catecholamines. |
| When current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node, the type of impulse conduction is called: | saltatory conduction. |
| Which of the following statements about amino acid neurotransmitters is incorrect? | They are all inhibitory neurotransmitters. |
| Which is true of a neuron with a resting potential? | The sodium pump has moved Na+ to the outside of the plasma membrane. |
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briandac3245