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Lilon Kashani

Physiology Weeks 7-13

QuestionAnswer
What is an action potential? A quick, temporary electrical change across a neuron's membrane that allows the neuron to send signals.
What are the three phases of an action potential? Depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization.
What happens during depolarization? Sodium (Na⁺) channels open, Na⁺ rushes in, and the inside of the neuron becomes positive (+30 mV).
During repolarization, does the inside of the cell become more positive? (Yes/No) NO.
Hyperpolarization happens because potassium channels close too quickly.(True/False) False.
What are the two major divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)? The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) and the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS).
What is the main function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS)? It produces the “rest-and-digest” response—slows heart rate, increases digestion, conserves energy.
How does chronic stress affect the SNS? It keeps the SNS mildly activated, contributing to fatigue, anxiety, and tension.
What happens in the body during SNS activation? Increased heart rate, dilated pupils, sweating, increased breathing, decreased digestion.
The PSNS originates from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord.(True/False) False.
What is proprioception? The sense that allows awareness of body position and movement.
What is the main function of the olfactory system? To detect odor molecules and allow the perception and identification of smells.
Which cranial nerve carries smell information The olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I).
The olfactory nerve (CN I) passes through the cribriform plate to reach the olfactory bulb.(True/False) True.
When is the RAAS system activated? When blood pressure or blood volume decreases.
What does renin do? Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
What are the effects of angiotensin II? Strong vasoconstriction (↑ peripheral resistance) and stimulation of aldosterone release.
What is the main function of ADH? Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys and raises blood pressure; can also cause vasoconstriction.
What do ANP and BNP do? Promote sodium excretion, vasodilation, and inhibit aldosterone and ADH—reducing blood pressure and volume.
Does aldosterone increase sodium and water retention in the kidneys? Yes.
Do natriuretic peptides (ANP/BNP) raise blood pressure? NO.
What is artificial active immunity? Immunity developed from vaccines that safely expose the body to an antigen.
What is “immune amnesia” caused by measles? The temporary loss of some pre-existing immune memory due to measles infection.
Does passive immunity protect immediately or slowly? Immediately, but only for a short time.
Can vaccines create artificial active immunity? (Yes/No) Yes.
Active immunity provides immediate protection but short-term benefits.(True/False) False
What is tidal volume (TV)? The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal, quiet breath at rest.
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)? The extra amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration.
What is vital capacity (VC)? The total volume of air that can be exhaled forcefully after a deep, maximum inhalation.
How does COPD affect lung volumes? COPD reduces airflow, decreases vital capacity, and affects several respiratory measurements.
Does inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) include the air you exhale? NO.
Inspiratory reserve volume is smaller than tidal volume. False.
What is satiety? The feeling of fullness that signals the body has enough energy.
What hormone increases hunger? Ghrelin.
What hormone signals the body that it is full? Leptin.
How can modern eating habits affect satiety? Large portions, rich foods, and distracted eating can disrupt natural hunger and fullness cues.
Does leptin signal the body that it is full? Yes.
Ghrelin is a hormone that decreases appetite. False.
Created by: lilonkashani
 

 



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