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muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three types of muscle tissue, | Skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| Voluntary muscle, | skeletal muscle |
| Striated involuntary muscle, | cardiac muscle |
| Non-striated involuntary muscle, | smooth muscle |
| Location of skeletal muscle, | attached to bones |
| Location of cardiac muscle, | heart |
| Location of smooth muscle, | walls of organs and blood vessels |
| Structure that connects cardiac cells, | intercalated discs |
| Why cardiac muscle cannot enter tetanus, | long refractory period |
| Why smooth muscle can maintain contraction, | latch bridge mechanism |
| Why skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated | Fusion of multiple myoblasts |
| Myofibril | Long protein bundle inside muscle cell |
| Myofilaments, | Thick (myosin) and thin (actin) |
| Thin filament components, | Actin, troponin, tropomyosin |
| Thick filament component, | Myosin |
| Sarcomere, | Functional contractile unit |
| Sarcomere boundaries, | Z line to Z line |
| A band, | Contains thick filaments |
| I band, | Contains thin filaments only |
| H zone, | Thick filaments only |
| M line, | Center of sarcomere |
| Titin function, | Stabilizes thick filaments |
| Nebulin function, | Anchors thin filaments |
| Ion that triggers contraction, | Calcium (Ca2+) |
| Where calcium is stored, | Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Troponin function, | Binds calcium |
| Tropomyosin function, | Covers actin binding sites |
| Effect of calcium binding, | Moves tropomyosin |
| Sliding filament theory, | Actin slides over myosin |
| Cross bridge, | Myosin head attached to actin |
| Power stroke, | Myosin pulls actin |
| ATP role in contraction, | Detaches myosin |
| Cause of rigor mortis, | No ATP |
| Excitation-contraction coupling, | AP triggers calcium release |
| Ryanodine receptor function, | Releases Ca2+ from SR |
| Dihydropyridine receptor, | Senses AP in T-tubules |
| What causes relaxation, | Ca2+ pumped into SR |
| Isometric contraction, | Tension without shortening |
| Concentric contraction, | Shortening under tension |
| Eccentric contraction, | Lengthening under tension |
| Neuromuscular junction, | Connection of neuron and muscle |
| Neurotransmitter at NMJ, | Acetylcholine |
| Enzyme that breaks down ACh, | Acetylcholinesterase (Ache) |
| Ion causing neurotransmitter release, | Ca2+ |
| Motor unit, | One neuron and its fibers |
| Recruitment, | Adding more motor units |
| Small motor units, | Fine control |
| Immediate energy source, | Creatine phosphate |
| Anaerobic glycolysis output, | 2 ATP and lactic acid |
| Aerobic respiration output, | 32+ ATP |
| Muscle oxygen storage, | Myoglobin |
| Cause of muscle burn, | Hydrogen ion buildup |
| Type I fibers, | Slow red fatigue-resistant |
| Type II fibers, | Fast white powerful |
| Endurance fibers, | Type I |
| Power fibers, | Type II |
| Most mitochondria, | Type I |
| Most glycogen, | Type IIx/b |
| Endomysium surrounds, | Muscle fiber |
| Perimysium surrounds, | Fascicle |
| Epimysium surrounds, | Whole muscle |
| Muscle hypertrophy, | Increase in fiber size |
| Muscle atrophy, | Decrease in size |
| Dystrophin | Stabilizes muscle membrane |
| Duchenne dystrophy, | Caused by lack of dystrophin |
| Three functions of nervous system, | Sensory integration motor |
| CNS, | Brain and spinal cord |
| PNS, | Nerves and ganglia |
| Afferent, | Toward CNS |
| Efferent, | Away from CNS |
| Sympathetic, | Fight or flight |
| Parasympathetic, | Rest and digest |
| Neuron, | Nerve cell that conducts impulses |
| Three parts of neuron, | Dendrites soma axon |
| Function of axon, | Sends signals |
| Synapse, | Gap between neurons |
| Chemical that crosses synapse, | neurotransmitter |
| CNS myelin producer, | Oligodendrocytes |
| PNS myelin producer, | Schwann cells |
| Blood brain barrier, | Astrocytes |
| Immune defense in CNS, | Microglia |
| CSF production, | Ependymal cells |
| Support cells in PNS, | Satellite cells |
| Resting membrane potential, | -70 mV |
| Pump that maintains RMP, | Sodium-potassium pump |
| Threshold potential, | -55 mV |
| Depolarization, | Sodium enters cell |
| Repolarization, | Potassium leaves cell |
| Hyperpolarization, | Membrane too negative |
| All-or-none principle, | Fires completely or not at all |
| Absolute refractory period, | Sodium channels inactive |
| Relative refractory period, | Potassium channels open |
| Saltatory conduction, | Action potential jumps nodes |
| Node of Ranvier Gaps, | in myelin |
| Calcium at synapse causes, | Neurotransmitter release |
| EPSP | Excitatory signal, |
| IPSP | Inhibitory signal, |
| Summation, | Adding signals at hillock |
| Temporal summation, | Rapid firing of one neuron |
| Spatial summation. | Multiple neurons firing |
| Reflex arc path, | Receptor → sensory → integration → motor → effector |
| Example reflex, | Knee-jerk reflex |
| Neural circuit types, | Diverging, converging, reverberating |
| Function of ACh | Muscle, contraction |
| Function of dopamine, | Movement and reward |
| Function of serotonin, | Mood and sleep |
| Function of glutamate, | Main excitatory |
| Function of GABA, | Main inhibitory |
| System that regenerates best, | PNS |
| Why PNS regenerates, | Schwann cells |
| Multiple sclerosis, | Damage to CNS myelin |
| Parkinson’s disease, | Lack of dopamine |
| Alzheimer’s disease, | Neuronal death |
| Stroke, | Lack of oxygen to brain |
| Epilepsy, | Overactive neurons |
| Muscle fiber | A single, multinucleated muscle cell |
Created by:
cici_o6