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Nabiha Khashan
Physiology week 7-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| edemiology | is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in human populations. |
| Viruses | are intracellular parasites that consist of a DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a lipoprotein envelope. They are particles that invade human cells and cause them to produce viral components. Sometimes the term virion is used to de |
| Bacteria | are tiny, primitive cells that lack nuclei. They cause infection by parasitizing tissues or otherwise disrupting normal function. |
| Fungi | are simple organisms similar to plants but lack the chlorophyll pigments that allow plants to make their own food. Because they cannot make their own food, fungi must parasitize other tissues, including those of the human body. |
| Protozoa | are protists, one-celled organisms larger than bacteria whose DNA is organized into a nucleus. Many types of protozoa parasitize human tissues. |
| Pathogenic animals | are large, multicellular organisms such as insects and worms. Such animals can parasitize human tissues, bite or sting, or otherwise disrupt normal body function. |
| Prions (proteinaceous infectious particles) | are proteins that may cause misfolding of protein molecules, thus converting normal proteins of the cell into different proteins. The altered form of the protein may then be inherited. |
| pathogenesis | a disease and its course of development |
| Primary (first level) | Protein structure is a sequence of amino acids in chain; hydrogen bonds stabilize folds or helical spirals. |
| Secondary (second level) | Protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain. |
| Tertiary (third level) | Protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to form a larger 3-dimensional structure. |
| Quaternary (fourth level) | Protein structure is a protein consisting of more than one folded amino acid chain. |
| five major types of glia | 1. Astrocytes 2. Microglia 3. Ependymal cells 4. Oligodendrocytes 5. Schwann cells |
| located in the CNS | 1. Astrocytes 2. Microglia 3. Ependymal cells 4. Oligodendrocytes |
| located in the PNS | Schwann cells |
| enteric nervous system (ENS) | is a so-called “second brain” in the wall of the gut |
| hematopoiesis. | Circulating (RBC) blood tissue is formed in the red marrow of bones and in other tissues by a process of differentiation called |
| hematopoietic tissue | This blood-forming tissue is sometimes given the status of a separate connective tissue type: |
| Epithelial | Which type of tissue has the greatest capacity to regenerate? |
| astrocytes | help regulate neuron function, including protection from harmful toxins. Microglia help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue cells in the brain. |
| Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes | electrically insulate axons to increase their speed of conduction. In addition to physically supporting neurons, neuroglia are known to have important coordinating roles in the nervous system— |
| Brown fat | connective tissue helps newborns maintain body temperature by producing heat? |
| white fat, | which serves as an energy-storage depot for the body, acts as an insulating material to conserve body heat, providing supporting, protective pads around the kidneys and vari-ous other structures. Because it is less dense than water, increases buoyancy of |
| Humerus | 1. The long bone of the upper part of the arm 2. Articulates proximally with the glenoid fossa of the scapula and distally with the radius and ulna |
| Ulna | 1. The long bone found on the little finger side of the forearm 2. Articulates proximally with the humerus and radius and distally with a fibrocartilaginous disk |
| Tibia | 1. The larger, stronger, and more medially and superficially located of the two leg bones 2. Articulates proximally with the femur to form the knee joint 3. Articulates distally with the fibula and talus |
| Radius | 1. The long bone found on the thumb side of the forearm 2. Articulates proximally with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna; articulates distally with the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones and with the head of the ulna |
| Metacarpal bones | 1. Form the framework of the hand 2. The thumb metacarpal forms the most freely movable joint with the carpal bones 3. Heads of the metacarpal bones (the knuckles) articulate with the phalange |
| Each coxal bone is made up of three bones that fuse together | a. Ilium—largest and uppermost b. Ischium—strongest and lowermost c. Pubis—most anterior |
| Femur | longest and heaviest bone in the body |
| Patella | largest sesamoid bone in the body |
| osteoclast | bone-destroying cell, may dissolve the bone away from the mature osteocyte and release it to again become an active osteoblast. Mature bone can thus grow and be reshaped by the simultaneous activity of--------breaking down and removing existing bone |
| sodium-potassium pump | he active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions and at different rates is the |
| During a relative refractory period | the action potential cannot be initiated. |
| Saltatory conduction | Node-to-node conduction |
| endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus | The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: |
| multiaxial | A gliding joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint. |
| The type of movement possible at a synovial joint depends on the: | amount of synovial fluid in the joint. |
| No impulse can be sent through a neuron: | during the absolute refractory period. |
| During a relative refractory period: | the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called | phagocytosis |
| Parasympathetic stimulation has no effect on any of the following areas except: | the urinary bladder. |
| Nerves that innervate the floor of the pelvic cavity and some of the surrounding areas are found in the _____ plexus | coccygeal |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis. |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and |
| External respiration can be defined as: | the exchange of gases between the lung and the blood capillaries in the lung and pulmonary ventilation. |
| Internal respiration can be defined as: | the exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the tissue cells. |
| The sodium cotransport or coupled transport acts to transport sodium ions and glucose molecules _____ the GI lumen. | passively out of |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | cotransport. |
| Which of the following is not one of the seven basic solutions used for parenteral therapy? | Liquid protein |
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