describe the sequence of events in an action potential

resting potential → threshold → depolarization (na⁺ influx) → repolarization (k⁺ efflux) → hyperpolarization → return to resting potential via na⁺/k⁺ pump

discuss the function of the spinal cord

the spinal cord sends signals between the brain and body and controls quick reflexes

discuss the physiology of hearing

sound waves vibrate the eardrum, move the ossicles, and create fluid waves in the cochlea. hair cells bend and convert these waves into nerve signals for the brain.

explain the cardiac cycle

the cardiac cycle is the sequence of heart contraction and relaxation: atria contract to fill ventricles, ventricles contract to pump blood out, then the heart relaxes to refill.

discuss the function of the primary and secondary lymphatic organs

primary lymphatic organs (bone marrow and thymus) make and mature lymphocytes, while secondary organs (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils) filter lymph or blood and activate immune responses.

differentiate between the two major categories of immune mechanisms

innate immunity is fast and non-specific, providing general defenses like barriers and inflammation. adaptive immunity is slower but specific, using lymphocytes to target and remember particular pathogens.

discuss the major factors that determine the volume of oxygen entering lung capillary blood

the amount of oxygen entering lung capillary blood depends on alveolar ventilation, alveolar surface area, membrane thickness, and the oxygen concentration difference between the alveoli and the blood.

define mechanical digestion

mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces through chewing, mixing, and churning.

define chemical digestion

chemical digestion is the breakdown of food molecules by enzymes into smaller, absorbable nutrients.

discuss elimination and defecation

elimination is the removal of waste from the body, and defecation is the final step where feces are expelled from the rectum through the anus.

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Deanne Bonifacio

StudyStack 2: Weeks 7-13

Question	Answer
describe the sequence of events in an action potential	resting potential → threshold → depolarization (na⁺ influx) → repolarization (k⁺ efflux) → hyperpolarization → return to resting potential via na⁺/k⁺ pump
discuss the function of the spinal cord	the spinal cord sends signals between the brain and body and controls quick reflexes
discuss the physiology of hearing	sound waves vibrate the eardrum, move the ossicles, and create fluid waves in the cochlea. hair cells bend and convert these waves into nerve signals for the brain.
explain the cardiac cycle	the cardiac cycle is the sequence of heart contraction and relaxation: atria contract to fill ventricles, ventricles contract to pump blood out, then the heart relaxes to refill.
discuss the function of the primary and secondary lymphatic organs	primary lymphatic organs (bone marrow and thymus) make and mature lymphocytes, while secondary organs (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils) filter lymph or blood and activate immune responses.
differentiate between the two major categories of immune mechanisms	innate immunity is fast and non-specific, providing general defenses like barriers and inflammation. adaptive immunity is slower but specific, using lymphocytes to target and remember particular pathogens.
discuss the major factors that determine the volume of oxygen entering lung capillary blood	the amount of oxygen entering lung capillary blood depends on alveolar ventilation, alveolar surface area, membrane thickness, and the oxygen concentration difference between the alveoli and the blood.
define mechanical digestion	mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces through chewing, mixing, and churning.
define chemical digestion	chemical digestion is the breakdown of food molecules by enzymes into smaller, absorbable nutrients.
discuss elimination and defecation	elimination is the removal of waste from the body, and defecation is the final step where feces are expelled from the rectum through the anus.

Created by: deanne bonifacio

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