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Physiology Stack 2

QuestionAnswer
What defines the plasma membrane’s main function? It controls movement of substances into and out of the cell through selective permeability.
What is the role of mitochondria? They produce ATP through aerobic respiration.
What is the resting membrane potential of most neurons? Approximately –70 mV.
What triggers an action potential? Depolarization that reaches threshold, causing voltage-gated Na⁺ channels to open.
What is the function of myelin? It increases conduction speed by saltatory conduction.
How do peptide hormones act on target cells? They bind to surface receptors and activate second messenger pathways.
How do steroid hormones act? They diffuse into cells and bind intracellular receptors that affect gene transcription.
What is cardiac output? The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute (CO = HR × SV).
What determines blood pressure? Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance.
What is tidal volume? The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.
What causes air to move into the lungs? Diaphragm contraction decreases thoracic pressure below atmospheric pressure.
How is most CO₂ transported in the blood? As bicarbonate ion (HCO₃⁻).
What is peristalsis? Wave-like smooth muscle contractions that move food through the GI tract.
Where does most nutrient absorption occur? The small intestine.
What is the chief function of the large intestine? Water and electrolyte absorption and feces formation.
What is the functional unit of the kidney? The nephron.
What force drives glomerular filtration? Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus.
What do the kidneys regulate to maintain acid base balance? Hydrogen ion secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption.
What triggers skeletal muscle contraction? Calcium binding to troponin, which allows actin and myosin interaction.
What is a motor unit? A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
What molecule provides energy for cross-bridge cycling? ATP.
What cells build bone? Osteoblasts.
What cells break down bone? Osteoclasts.
What is the major mineral stored in bone? Calcium.
What is the function of the epidermis? Protection through a keratinized outer layer.
What do sweat glands help regulate? Body temperature through evaporative cooling.
What is innate immunity? Rapid, nonspecific defense mechanisms such as inflammation and barriers.
What is adaptive immunity? Specific immune responses involving T cells and B cells.
What is the role of lymph nodes? Filtration of lymph and activation of immune cells.
Created by: user-1989142
 

 



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