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APUSH Period 5 Vocab

TermDefinition
John Tyler 10th U.S. president who supported westward expansion and pushed for Texas annexation.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) Agreement with Britain that settled the Maine-Canada boundary and reduced border tensions.
Manifest Destiny Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent.
Lewis Cass Senator who promoted “popular sovereignty” as a way to decide slavery in new territories.
Sam Houston Leader of the Texas Revolution and first president of the Republic of Texas.
Mexican-American War 1846–1848 conflict between the U.S. and Mexico over Texas and western territory claims.
Oregon Fever Mass migration of Americans to the Oregon Territory in the 1840s.
49th Parallel Boundary line agreed upon between the U.S. and Britain dividing the Oregon Territory.
Franciscan Missions Spanish religious settlements in California that aimed to convert Native Americans.
Annexation of Texas The U.S. incorporation of Texas in 1845, helping trigger the Mexican-American War.
Annexation of California - Bear Flag Republic Short-lived 1846 uprising by American settlers declaring California independent before U.S. takeover.
John C. Fremont Explorer and military officer who helped seize California during the Mexican-American War.
James K. Polk 11th U.S. president who strongly supported expansion and led the nation during the Mexican-American War.
Winfield Scott U.S. general who captured Mexico City, helping end the Mexican-American War.
Zachary Taylor General who won major battles in the Mexican-American War and later became president.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War; Mexico ceded large territories to the U.S.
Wilmot Proviso Proposed law to ban slavery in territory gained from Mexico; it never passed.
Mexican Cession Land Mexico gave to the U.S. in 1848, including California and the Southwest.
Matthew C. Perry U.S. naval officer who opened trade relations with Japan in 1854.
Gadsden Purchase 1853 purchase of land from Mexico used to build a southern railroad route.
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty U.S.-Britain agreement saying neither nation would control a canal in Central America.
Popular Sovereignty Idea that settlers in a territory should vote to decide the issue of slavery.
Secession Act of Southern states leaving the Union before the Civil War.
Free-Soil Party Political party opposing the expansion of slavery into western territories.
California Gold Rush Mass migration to California after gold was discovered in 1848.
Compromise of 1850 Legislation balancing free and slave-state interests, including admitting California as free.
The Great Debate Senate debates over the Compromise of 1850 led by Clay, Webster, and Calhoun.
Stephen A. Douglas Senator who promoted the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Nativism Anti-immigrant political attitude favoring native-born Americans.
Fugitive Slave Law Part of the Compromise of 1850 requiring escaped enslaved people to be returned to the South.
Underground Railroad Network of routes and safe houses helping enslaved people escape to freedom.
Harriet Tubman Former enslaved woman and key Underground Railroad conductor.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin Anti-slavery novel exposing the injustices of slavery.
Harriet Beecher Stowe Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
Franklin Pierce 14th U.S. president whose support for the Kansas-Nebraska Act increased sectional tensions.
Kansas-Nebraska Act Law allowing popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska, overturning the Missouri Compromise.
“Bleeding Kansas” Violent conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in Kansas.
Sumner-Brooks Incident Congressman Brooks attacked Senator Sumner after a speech criticizing slavery.
Know-Nothing Party Anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic political party of the 1850s.
Republican Party Political party founded to oppose the expansion of slavery.
John Brown’s Raid on Harper Ferry Attempt by abolitionist John Brown to spark a slave uprising by seizing a federal arsenal.
James Buchanan 15th U.S. president whose inaction worsened sectional tensions before the Civil War.
Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857) Supreme Court case ruling that African Americans were not citizens and Congress couldn't ban slavery in territories.
Lecompton Constitution Pro-slavery Kansas constitution rejected by most settlers and Congress.
Panic of 1857 Economic downturn that hit Northern industries harder than the South.
Abraham Lincoln 16th U.S. president who led the Union during the Civil War.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates Series of debates focused on slavery and popular sovereignty in 1858.
Freeport Doctrine Douglas’s claim that territories could limit slavery by not enforcing slave codes.
Fort Sumter Federal fort where the Civil War’s first battle occurred.
Border States Slave states that stayed in the Union (e.g., Maryland, Kentucky).
Jefferson Davis President of the Confederate States during the Civil War.
Civil War 1861–1865 conflict between the Union and the Confederacy.
Ulysses S. Grant Union general who led major victories and later became president.
Battle of Bull Run First major Civil War battle showing the war would be long and difficult.
“Anaconda Strategy” Union plan to blockade Southern ports and take control of the Mississippi River.
Robert E. Lee Confederate general and commander of the Army of Northern Virginia.
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Confederate general known for holding firm at Bull Run.
Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln’s 1863 declaration freeing enslaved people in Confederate-held areas.
Gettysburg Address Lincoln’s speech redefining the Civil War as a fight for unity and equality.
Vicksburg Union victory giving control of the Mississippi River.
March to the Sea Union General Sherman’s campaign destroying Confederate resources in Georgia.
Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse Lee’s surrender to Grant, ending major combat in the Civil War
Homestead Act Law offering free western land to settlers who worked it.
Pacific Railway Act Law supporting the construction of the transcontinental railroad.
Thirteenth Amendment Abolished slavery in the U.S.
Fourteenth Amendment Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law.
Fifteenth Amendment Protected voting rights regardless of race.
Radical Republicans Congress members who pushed for strict Reconstruction and civil rights protections.
Freedmen’s Bureau Agency created to help formerly enslaved people transition after the Civil War.
Reconstruction Period of rebuilding the South and integrating formerly enslaved people into society.
John Wilkes Booth Assassin who killed Abraham Lincoln.
Andrew Johnson 17th president who clashed with Congress over Reconstruction policies.
Black Codes Southern laws restricting the rights of newly freed African Americans.
Sharecropping System where farmers worked land for a share of crops, often keeping them in debt.
Thaddeus Stevens Radical Republican leader who pushed for strong Reconstruction measures.
Carpetbaggers Northerners who moved South during Reconstruction, often for political or economic opportunities.
Scalawags Southern whites who supported Reconstruction.
Horace Greeley Newspaper editor and 1872 presidential candidate.
Ku Klux Klan White supremacist group that used intimidation to resist Reconstruction reforms.
Compromise of 1877 Deal ending Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South.
Created by: Smugb01
 

 



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