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CPT Vocabulary
CPT Vocabulary: Section 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chronic diseases | incurable illness or health condition persisting for 1+ years that leads to functional limitations and needs ongoing medical care |
| Diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes) | insulin deficiency that impairs carbohydrate usage |
| Overweight | A person with BMI of 25-29.9 or is between 25-30 lbs over |
| Deconditioned | A state of lost physical fitness, possibly including muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and lack of core/joint stability |
| Proprioception | Cumulative sensory input to central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement |
| Proprioceptively enriched environment | An unstable but controllable physical situation where exercises are performed, causing the body to use internal balance and stabilization mechanisms |
| Integrated Training | incorporates all forms of training including flexibility, cardiorespiratory, core, balance, plyometric (reactive), speed, agility, quickness, and resistance training |
| Neuromuscular efficiency | Muscular endurance and coordination |
| Prime mover | muscle acting as initial and main source of movement |
| Superset | one traditional strength exercises and one stabilization exercise per body part in the resistance training portion |
| Human movement system | the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems all working together to perform movement |
| Somatic nervous system | Voluntary muscle movement |
| Autonomic nervous system | Involuntary muscle movement, has two parts |
| Sympathetic nervous system | Part of autonomic nervous system, increase energy for movement |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | Part of autonomic nervous system, decrease levels of energy |
| Sensory function | sense changes in internal and external environment |
| Integrative function | analyze and interpret sensory information to make decisions |
| Motor function | respond to sensory input |
| Sensory (afferent) neurons | respond to touch, sound, light, and other stimuli and transmit to brain and spinal cord |
| Interneurons | transmit nerve impulses in between neurons |
| Motor (efferent) neurons | transmit nerve impulses from brain and spinal cord to target organs/glands |
| Mechanoreceptors | Sensory receptors that respond to touch and pressure |
| Muscle spindles | sensory receptors in muscles parallel to muscle fibers that sense change in muscle length and rate of contraction |
| Stretch reflex mechanism | if a muscle is stretched, it's quickly contracted to prevent overstretching |
| Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) | sensory receptors at the point where skeletal muscle fibers are inserted into tendons of skeletal muscle that cause muscle to relax |
| Joint receptors | in and around joint capsule to respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint |
| Remodeling | lifelong process of resorption and formation of bone that follows lines of stress on bones |
| Depressions | Flat or indented areas of bone like fossa and sulcus |
| Processes | Protrusions from bone where tissue can attach |
| Arthrokinematics | Joint surface motion (roll, slide, spin) |
| Kinetic chain movement | all joints are linked, so moving one moves the others |
| Ligaments | connect bones to provide stability, nervous system input, and limitation of improper movement that heal slowly |
| Tendons | connect muscles to bones and heals slowly |
| Sarcomere | Functional unit of muscles |
| Motor unit | a motor neuron and all muscle fibers it’s connected to, changing in size depending on fine/gross motor movement |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) | Neurotransmitter used for activating muscle contraction |
| Type 1 (slow-twitch) muscle fibers | More capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin (better oxygen delivery), smaller, less forceful contractions, slower to fatigue, better for long-term contractions |
| Type 2 (fast-twitch) muscle fibers | Two types, fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin, larger, more force, get tired quicker, better for short-term contractions |
| Type 2x muscle fibers | Lower ability to use oxygen (oxidative capacity), tire easily |
| Type 2a (intermediate fast-twitch) muscle fibers | Higher oxidative capacity, get tired more slowly, both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism |
| Agonist | prime mover (most responsible for a particular movement) |
| Synergist | assist prime mover |
| Stabilizer | Stabilize body while prime mover and synergist work |
| Antagonist | performs opposite action of prime mover, on opposite side of joint |
| Typical resting heart rate | 70-80 bpm |
| Mediastinum | the chest cavity between the lungs where the heart rests |
| Stroke volume | amount of blood pumped out of the heart in a contraction, SV=EDV-ESV |
| Eccentric | Force reduction |
| Concentric | Force production |
| Ischemic Heart Disease | Category of hear problems due to narrowing of coronary arteries |
| Physical Activity | Bodily movement that expends energy not during structured exercise |
| Endorphins | Hormones released by exercise that can reduce pain |
| Plantar fasciitis | Inflammation of plantar fascia in bottom of foot, leading to intense heel pain |
| Shoulder impingement syndrome | Shoulder pain due to rotator cuff tissues rubbing against acromion bone in shoulder |
| For how long must a fitness professional maintain accurate financial, contract, appointment, and tax records? | 4 years |
| Sales Process | A system for learning about the needs of a potential client to be able to identify and present a number of solutions for those needs |
| Forecasting | Business management technique that helps predict how much work is needed to meet a revenue goal |
| Brand | A product or service identified by specific, unique characteristics |
| 4 P's of Marketing | Product, price, promotion, and place |
| Number of Continuing Education units needed every 2 years | 2.0 CEUs |
| Psychologist | Has at least master's, likely PhD, cannot prescribe meds |
| Psychiatrist | Has medical PhD, can prescribe meds |
| Motivation | Intensity and direction of someone's effort to do something |
| Amotivation | When someone isn't motivated to do something |
| Extrinsic motivation | Someone who does an activity for a reward/recognition from others (i.e appearance) |
| Intrinsic motivation | Someone does something because they feel a sense of satisfaction (i.e improved health), better for long-term exercise adherance |
| Outcome goals | Goals focused on the end result |
| Process goals | Refer to the process of pursuing a goal |
| Social physique anxiety | A specific form of anxiety that occurs in individuals who perceive that others could be negatively evaluating their physique |
| Types of Barriers | Lifestyle, physical, and perception |
| Instrumental support | Actions that directly help a behavior to happen |
| Instrumental support examples | Paying for gym membership, babysitting kids, driving person to the gym |
| Emotional support | Encouragement and positive reinforcement |
| Informational support | Providing accurate, current, and informative information |
| Companionship support | When someone does something with another person (ie. workout buddy) |
| Self-esteem | How someone evaluates their self-worth physically, emotionally, and socially |
| Body image | How someone views their body |
| Sleep apnea | Disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts while sleeping |
| Autonomy | Acting in the way someone wants to |
| Third space | Separate space from work or home where client can build relationships and express their identity |
| Self-efficacy | Belief in oneself that they can do something |
| Determinants of behavior | Factors that influence behavior |
| Autonomous motivation | When motives for exercising relate to valuing the outcome |
| Perceived behavioral control | Evaluating whether someone is able to perform a behavior |
| Affective judgement | Expected enjoyment |
| Subjective norms | Belief that someone/people will approve and support a behavior |
| What is one of the strongest factors in participating in physical activity for adults? | Self-efficacy |
| Precontemplation Stage | Client doesn't exercise and doesn't plan to start in the next 6 months |
| Contemplation Stage | Client doesn't exercise but plans to start in the next 6 months |
| Preparation Stage | Client plans to start exercising soon and has taken steps towards it, may even be occasionally exercising |
| Action Stage | Client has been exercising for less than 6 months |
| Maintenance Stage | Client has been exercising consistantly for over 6 months |
| Decisional balance | Clients weigh pros and cons of changing a behavior |
| BCTs | Behavior Change Techniques |
| If a client cancels... | Ask when to reschedule and make an exercise plan if not meeting in 24-48 hours |
| Reflective listening | Guessing what the speaker means and restating it back to them for confirmation |
| Collecting summaries | Short sentences continuing the client's thoughts and adding momentum to conversation |
| Linking summaries | Tie together information client has said, possibly from previous sessions |
| Transitional summaries | Summaries used to wrap up sessions or announce a shift in focus |
| Motivational interviewing | Identifying and resolving sources of ambivalence towards exercise to improve intrinsic motivation |
| Self-discrepancy | Internal conflict when someone compares their actual self with their ideal self |
| Sustain talk | Client dialogue representing or predicting movement away from change |
| Change talk | Client dialogue representing or predicting movement towards changing behavior |
| Implementation intentions | Specific plans that determine when, where, and how to act to change behavior |
| Coping plans | Anticipating barriers and preparing solutions that prioritize behavior change |
| Self-talk | Internal dialogue (how you talk to yourself in your head) |
| Reverse listing | Identifying negative self-talk and replacing it with positive statements |
| Stopping | Saying "stop" out loud to negative thoughts |
| Cognitive fusion | When people believe what their thoughts tell them |
| Imagery | Imagining outcomes to mentally prepare |
| Appearance imagery | Picturing appearance or health related outcomes |
| Energy imagery | Mental images to increase energy and reduce stress |
| Technique imagery | Mentally rehearsing exercise technique |
| Neuroplasticity | The brain continually grows and reforms neural pathways throughout life |
| Neurocircutry | Connections between neurons in the brain and the spinal cord |
| Wolff's law | Remodeling (new bone growth) occurs over stress lines on bones |
| Levers | Rigid rods where muscles attach |
| Osteokinematics | Visible bone movement |
| Nonaxial | Gliding joint that only has one plane of motion |
| Collagen | Protein in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that strengthens, most common protein in the body |
| Elastin | Protein that provides elasticity |
| Fascia | Connective tissue surrounding muscles and bones |
| Strain | Injured tendon |
| Sprain | Injured ligament |
| Myoglobin | Protein-based molecule carrying oxygen to muscle cells |
| Excitation-contraction coupling | Converting electric stimulus into muscle contraction |
| all-or-nothing principle | Muscle motor units can either contract at max force or not contract at all |
| Intercalated discs | Formations in the heart holding muscle cells togther |
| Daily aspirin or anticoagulant meds may cause | Easier bruising from certain actions like foam rolling or massage |
| Vasculogenesis | Formation of new capillaries |
| Angiogenesis | Formation of new capillaries from preexisting blood vessels |
| Venules | Collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries |
| Venous pooling | Accumulation of blood in extremities due to slow blood flow or backflow |
| Peripheral resistance | Amount of resistance that arteries that must overcome for blood to flow |
| Normal BP | <120/<80 mmHg |
| Elevated BP | 120-129/<80 mmHg |
| Stage 1 Hypertension BP | 130-139/80-89 mmHg |
| Stage 2 Hypertension BP | >140/>90 mmHg |
| Hypertensive crisis | >180/>120 mmHg |
| Respiratory pump | Bones, muscles, and organs that facilitate breathing |
| Valsalva maneuver | Breathing out against closed windpipe to stabilize spine, increase pressure in abdominal cavity, and increase BP |
| Tachypnea | Fast breathing, >24 bpm |
| Bradypnea | Slow breathing, <8 bpm |
| Dysnpea | Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing |
| Diaphragmatic breathing | Breathing deeply to expand the diaphragm |
| Catecholamines | Hormones from adrenal glands used for fight-or-flight response |
| Gluconeogenesis | Glucose formation from noncarbohydrate sources (fat & proteins) |
| Basal metabolic rate (BMR) | Energy needed to maintain the body at rest |
| Calcitonin | Thyroid hormone aiding in calcium usage for bone mineral density |
| Glucose intolerance | Elevated blood glucose levels |
| Pineal gland | Responsible for sleep regulation and melatonin |
| Motility | Movements of organs and muscles allowing contents inside to pass through |
| Small intestine sections | Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum |
| Frank Starling Law of the Heart | Increased ventricular filling improves contractile force of the heart as a result of greater stretch of cardiac fibers |
| Regional interdependence model | The concept of how one functioning body system affects other systems |
| Pronation of the foot | Multiplanar foot and ankle movement: eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction to reduce force |
| Supination of the foot | Multiplanar foot and ankle movement: inversion, plantar Flexion, and ankle adduction to produce force |
| Isotonic muscle movement | Divided into eccentric and concentric, produces force contraction that changes muscle length and visibly moves joint |
| Isometric muscle movement | Muscle tension created with no change in muscle length and no visible joint movement |
| Isokinetic muscle movement | Fixed movement speed and resistance depends on exerted force, needs special equipment to measure |
| Eccentric muscle action | Muscle contracts while lengthening, deceleration, more efficient |
| Concentric muscle action | Muscle contracts while shortening, acceleration |
| Muscle action spectrum | All eccentric, concentric, and isometric muscle contractions needed to perform a movement |
| Feed-forward activation | When a muscle is activated in anticipation for movement |
| Closed-chain movements | Distal segments (hands/feet) are fixed and remain in contact with stationary surfaces while rest of body performs the exercise, involves multiple joints moving |
| Open-chain movements | Distal segments (hand/feet) aren't fixed and are free to move, only a few joints nearby are used |
| Force | When an object influences another, causing acceleration or deceleration of the other object |
| Length-tension relationship | Resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that length |
| Optimal muscle length | When actin and myosin have the greatest degree of overlap |
| Muscle balance | All muscles around a joint have optimal muscle length, so joint rests in neutral position |
| Altered length-tension relationship | A muscle's resting length is too short/long and cannot produce as much force |
| Reciprocal inhibition | When agonist is signaled to contract, reciprocal antagonist also signaled to lengthen |
| Muscle imbalance | Muscles on each side of joint have altered length-tension relationships |
| Stretch-shortening cycle | Eccentrically loading muscle to prep for rapid concentric contraction |
| Series elastic component | Springy part of muscle and tendon that don't contract but store elastic energy |
| Amortization phase | Transition from eccentric loading to concentric contraction during stretch-shortening cycle, should be rapid |
| Stretch reflex | Muscle spindle signals muscle to contract to prevent excess lengthening |
| Integrated performance paradigm | Efficient movement involves dampening (eccentric) stabilization (isometric), and acceleration (concentric) of forces |
| Force and velocity have an ______ relationship | Inverse |
| Force-couple relationship | Multiple muscles with synergistic action to produce movement around a joint |
| Joint support systems | Local stabilizer muscles attached to or near the spine |
| Global muscular system | Larger muscles initiating movements often across 1+ joints |
| Local muscular system | Usually attached to or near spine and stabilize trunk of the body |
| Exercise metabolism | Bioenergetics as it relates to changes in the body during exercise |
| Macronutrients | Foods that need large amounts to provide energy (protein, fat, carbs) |
| Ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) | When glucose and fats are equally used for energy for activity |
| Ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2) | When glucose is main source of energy for activity |
| Essential amino acids | 9 out of 20 amino acids that cannot be synthesized and must be obtained through food |
| Negative energy balance | When calorie intake is lower than calories expended |
| Ketogenesis | Formation of ketones from non-fats (ie. amino acids) |
| Ketosis | State of low carbs, so body produces ketones |
| Exogenous ketones | Ketone bodies usually taken as supplements |
| Ketoacidosis | High levels of ketones in body |
| 3,500 calories is equivalent to | 1 lb of body fat (0.5 kg) |
| Phosphorylation | Adding a phosphate group to a molecule (ADP to ATP) |
| ATP-PC system | Energy system providing rapid energy for 10-15 seconds anaerobically |
| Order of 3 metabolic pathways | ATP-PC, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic) |
| Deamination | Broken down amino acids to be used for energy |
| Beta-oxidation | Triglycerides broken down and turned into acetyl CoA |
| Steady-state aerobic exercise | Aerobic exercise at a stable intensity (stable HR and O2 consumption) |
| Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) | Elevated metabolism after exercise to reestablish baseline ATP |
| TDEE | Total Daily Energy Expenditure: energy used in one day |
| Resting metabolic rate (RMR) | Energy used while body is at rest (not recently eaten), 60-75% of TDEE |
| Exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT) | Calories used during structured exercise, 15-30% of TDEE with NEAT |
| Thermic effect of food (TEF) | Energy needed to digest, absorb, and process consumed nutrients, 10% of TDEE |
| Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) | Calories used during non-structured daily activity, 15-30% of TDEE with EAT |
| Physical activity level (PAL) | Calories spent through structured exercise, calculated by TDEE/RMR |
| Metabolic equivalent (MET) | Measurement describing energy spent during exercise as multiples of RMR, 1 MET is 3.5 mL of O2 consumed/kg/min |
| Nutrition | Obtaining nutrients to help the body function |
| Nutrition claim | Claim that a food has a nutritional benefit |
| Protein turnover | Proteins are broken down and recycled into new proteins |
| Complete protein | Source of protein with all essential amino acids |
| Incomplete protein | Source of protein without all essential amino acids |
| Mutual supplementation | Combo of incomplete protein to acquire all essential amino acids |
| Protein quality | Amino acid profile and digestibility of a protein source |
| Low biological value (LBV) proteins | Food missing 1+ essential amino acids |
| High biological value (HBV) proteins | Food with all essential amino acids |
| Protein efficiency ratio (PER) | Protein quality assessment based on weight gain divided by amount of protein consumed |
| Biological value (BV) | Amount of absorbed protein used for new protein synthesis |
| Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) | Uses amino acid composition and digestibility to evaluate a protein source |
| Net protein utilization (NPU) | Ratio of amino acids turned into proteins to ratio of amino acids consumed |
| Enterocyte | Intestinal cell that absorb nutrients |
| Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein | 0.8g/kg, likely too low for most exercising people |
| Acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) | Range of nutrient intake that is adequate for 97-98% of population |
| AMDR for protein | 10-35% of total calories |
| High protein diet side effects | Constipation, GI issues, increased Ca waste, higher risk of kidney stones or gout |
| Glycemic index (GI) | Number 0-100 assigned to food representing rise in blood sugar after consuming it |
| Glycemic load (GL) | Like glycemic index but accounts for amount of carbs eaten |
| AMDR for carbs | 45-65% of daily calories |
| AMDR for lipids | 20-35% of daily calories |
| Fat-soluble vitamins | A, D, E, & K, not usually needed daily |
| Water-soluble vitamins | C & B |
| Peptide YY | Peptide released in colon during feeding |
| Ghrelin | Hunger hormone stimulating appetite |
| Adaptive thermogenesis | Metabolic adaptations based on body size and changes in energy intake |
| Daily protein intake recommended for muscle gain | 1.6-2.2 g/kg of body weight |
| Daily carbohydrate intake recommended for muscle gain | 4-7 g/kg of body weight |
| Calories per gram for protein and carbs | 4 grams per calorie |
| Calories per gram for lipids | 9 grams per calorie |
| Dietary supplement | A product taken orally intended to supplement the diet containing a vitamin, mineral, herb/botanical, or other substances |
| Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1944 | Primary US legislation regulating dietary supplements |
| Code of Federal Regulations | Describes laws and regulations for dietary supplements, including labeling, manufacturing, and marketing |
| Tolerable upper limit | Largest daily amount of a vitamin/mineral that can be consumed before adverse effects occur |
| Creatine | Molecule made of amino acids used for supplementing ATP formation |
| Anabolic steroid | Hormone-based compound acting on hormone receptor to increase muscle mass/strength |
| Ergogenic aid | Dietary supplement that improves performance/body compositon |
| Beta-carotene | A red-orange pigment from fruits and veggies that is converted into vitamin A |
| Scurvy | Vitamin C deficiency causing bleeding (often in gums), anemia, teeth loss, joint swelling |
| Rickets | Vitamin D deficiency causing bone weakness |
| Beriberi | Thiamine (B1) deficiency causing degradation of heart and nerves, peripheral neuropathy, and impaired motor function |
| Pellagra | Niacin/tryptophan deficiency causing skin rash, diarrhea, and dementia |
| Vitamin B6 deficiency | Causes anemia, skin rash, and immune issues |
| Amenorrheic | Absence of menstruation |
| Osteopenia | Lower bone density and precursor to osteoporosis |
| Lacto-ovo vegetarian | Vegetarian diet including eggs and dairy |
| Ovo-vegetarian | Vegetarian diet including eggs |
| Hemochromatosis | When body absorbs excess iron from food |
| Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) | Omega-3 fatty acid found in cold-water fish (fish oil) |
| Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | Omega-3 fatty acid found in seafood (fish oil) |
| Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) | Omega-3 fatty acid found in seeds and oils (plants) |
| Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) | Leucine, isoleucine, and valine common in skeletal Muscles and have a branched structure |
| Creatine monohydrate | Most common and effective form of creatine supplement |
| Loading | Using large doses of a supplement initially, then using smaller maintenance doses |
| Endogenous | Produced/synthesized in an organism |
| Caffeine anhydrous | Concentrated powder from seeds and leaves of coffee plant found in dietary supplements |
| DMAA | Dimethylamylamine; a stimulant and amphetamine once legal for dietary supplements |
| Ephedra | Plant-based alkeloid that is illegal in the US and EU |
| Gynecomastia | Male condition with breast tissue growth |
| Effective dose of creatine | +0.03 g per kg body weight, but 5 g/day for complete muscle saturation |
| Effective dose of caffine | 3 to 6 mg/kg (1.4–2.7 mg/lb) per day |
Created by:
XiaoYiSheng