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Bio Semester 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is biochemistry? | the study of the molecules of life smallest unit of life |
| smallest unit of life- | an atom |
| what is the number at the top of the box for an element and what is it also the number of | atomic #, is the number of protons and electrons |
| what is the number at the bottom of a box for an element | atomic mass, is the number of protons and neutrons |
| what is the mass of a proton | 1 amu |
| what is the mass of a neutron | 1 amu |
| what is the mass of an electron | very little |
| what does the number of electrons determine | how atoms bond |
| what is a shell in an atom | outermost part of the atom, has valence electrons in it |
| atoms prefer to have ____ valence electrons in their orbitals | 8 |
| what is an isotope | the same element but it has different amounts of neutrons in the nuclei |
| ionic bond | electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| covalent bond | electrons are shared between atoms |
| hydrogen bond | weak bonds that can seperate molecules easily, found in water and dna |
| list bonds from weakest to strongest | hydrogen, covalent, ionic |
| sharing f electrons is equal in a covalent bond: true or false | FALSE |
| polarity | when there is unequal charge in a molecule |
| when a slight attraction helps keep molecules together | van der wals forces |
| cohesion | molecules of the SAME substance sticking togehter |
| adhesion | molecules of DIFFERENT substances sticking together |
| cation | positive charge |
| anion | negative charge |
| how do ions form | through ionic bonds |
| atoms are represented by | elements |
| atoms combine chemically to make | molecules |
| solution | solute dissolved in water |
| suspension | the particles are so tiny they don't dissolve and they sit |
| solvent | what there is a solute being dissolved in (example, the water in salt water) |
| solute | what is being dissolved in the solvent |
| chemical/molecular formula | the ingredients (ex; H2O, C6H12O6) |
| structural formula- | showing the structure/arrangement of atoms in the element |
| capillary action | the ability of a liquid to flow in a narrow space or tube against gravity |
| surface tension | the property of a liquid's surface to act like a stretched, elastic film due to inter molecular forces |
| enzymes are a type of | protein |
| enzymes are (three things) | -can be used multiple times -make reactions in the body faster and more efficient (catalysts) -support homeostatis |
| homeostasis | a stable body condition |
| catalyst | something that makes a process or reaction faster |
| look at your enzyme graphs in book | did u? :) |
| enzymes operate best at | a specific temp and pH |
| denature | means break down and dies |
| What happens when an enzyme denatures? | the shape of the enzyme changes and the enzyme no longer fits into the substrate |
| enzymes end in | -ase |
| explain the pH system | it has 1-14, with 7 being balanced (lower is acidic and higher is basic) |
| basic | has a low concentration of H+ ions (OH-) |
| acidic | has a high concentration of H+ ions |
| what does the pH system do | indicates the concentration of H+ ions |
| each pH value is ___ x more than the next | 10 |
| we keep our pH balanced with | buffers (weak acids and bases) |
| nucleic acids | molecules containing CHONP (n is for Nitrogen and P is for Phosphorus) |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| nucleotides | monomers of nucleic acid, contain a 5 carbon sugar with a phosphate group and nitrogen base |
| organic compounds | compounds that contain carbon |
| how many valence electrons does carbon have | 4 |
| how many strong covalent bonds can carbon make | 4 |
| true or false: carbon can make single, double and triple bonds | TRUE |
| what forms a macromolecule | taking monomers and putting them together |
| protoplasm | makes up cells, building and breaking life's molecules |
| dehydration synthesis | condensation reactions) removing H2O to synthesize two molecules together (this is how Macromolecules form) |
| take a minute to look and redraw all of the diagrams found in your notebook | did u do it? :) |
| hydrolysis | removing water to separate molecules |
| carbohydrates | molecules that contain C H and O, easy and cheap energy |
| monosaccharides | simple sugar, ring shaped, C6H12O6 |
| disaccarides | double sugar, C12H22O11 |
| polysaccharides | contains 3 or more monosaccharides |
| isomers | two or more compounds with the same formula but different arrangement of atoms |
| name 4 polysaccharides | starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose |
| starch | energy storage compound (amalayze in plants, turns into glycogen in animals) |
| glycogen | stored energy in the liver |
| cellulose | most abundant organic compound on earth, part of plant structure |
| chitin | the exo skeletons of like crabs and stuff, second most abundant organic compound on earth |
| cellulose | most abundant organic compound on earth, part of plant structure |
| glucose+glucose= | maltose |
| glucose+fructose | sucrose |
| lipids | contains C H and O, are the most concentrated energy |
| what are the two building blocks of fats | fatty acids and glycerol |
| carboxyl | the part of the fatty acid that holds hands with glycerol |
| two parts of a fatty acid | carboxyl and carbon |
| triglyceride | three fatty acids and a glycogen |
| phospholipid | two fatty acids+glycerol+one phosphate |
| proteins | molecules that contain C, H, O and Nitrogen, and they are not a good energy source but are good for growth and repair |
| what are the "monomers" of protein | amino acids |
| amino acids join by joining what two things together | carboyxl and amine |
| amino acids often end in | -ine |
| structure= | function of proteins |
| dipeptide bond | two proteins joined together |
| primary structure | sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure | folded-beta pleated sheet twisted-alpha helix |
| tertiary structure | folded or twisted ontop of itself |
| quantianary structure | 2 peptides joined together |
| fats do what, and what are their cell membranes called | they store energy, and the membranes are called myelin |
| saturated fat | solid (like butter or lard), straight molecules, stacked tight |
| unsaturated fat | liquid (like oils), DOUBLE BONDS, kinks and don't stack tightly |
| Freidrich Meischer | nuclein |
| Fredrick Griffith | transformation of bacteria |
| Oswald Avery | DNA causes transformation |
| Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase | DNA is not protein |
| Erwin Chargaff | base pairings A=T, C=G |
| Rosalind Franklin | used x ray diffraction to get the very first picture of DNA, which was photo 51 |
| Linus Pauling | triple helix |
| Maurice Wilkins | shared photo 51 with Watson and Crick |
| Watson and Crick | double helix |
| cell division occurs in what two stages | mitosis and cytokenesis |
| why is it important to have a good SA:V ratio | because it helps things diffuse faster and help the cell live |
| the higher the mass, the ______ the SA:V ratio | lower |
| mitosis | division of the nucleus |
| cytokenesis | division of the cytoplasm |
| chromosomes are made of ______ | DNA |
| chromosomes are duplicated (before or after?) chromatid | BEFORE |
| what happens in prophase | nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes become visible and spindle fibers form |
| what happens in metaphase | chromosomes line up in the middle and are attached to the spindle fibers |
| what happens in anaphase | chromatids are pulled away from eachother |
| what happens in telophase | two nuclei, nuclear envelope reforms |
| what happens in cytokenesis | the cytoplasm splits and two IDENTICAL DIPLOID DAUGHTER CELLS ARE FORMED |
| list the order of the cell cycle | G1,G2,Rest/S phase, mitosis and then cytokenesis |
| what happens in interphase 1 | cell replicates DNA |
| what happens in prophase 1 | each chromosome pairs with homologus chromosome to form a tetrad |
| what happens in metaphase 1 | spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes and line up in the middle |
| what happens in anaphase 1 | spindle fibers pull them away |
| what happens in telophase 1 | creates two unique cells |
| what happens in prophase 2 | NO COPYING OF CHROMOSOMES |
| what happens in metaphase 2 | chromosomes line up in the center |
| what happens in anaphase 2 | seperate move to opposite sides of the cell |
| what happens in telophase 2/cytokenesis | we get 4 genetically diverse haploid cells |
| G1 | cell grows, synthesizes proteins and organelles |
| rest phase/S phase | the rest phase is when the cell doesn't need to grow any more and it stops, and S phase is when they are replicating DNA |
| G2 | cell gets ready to divide |
| scientific inquiry | the development of explainations |
| scientific theory | explains how something in nature works |
| scientific law | explains that something happens in certain conditions in nature, BUT DOES NOT EXPLAIN HOW IT WORKS |
| psuedoscience | science that is not based off of fact |
| What are the five steps of the scientific method | observation, hypothesis, experiment, analyze data, conclusion |
| SI units | what we use in the USA |
| Look over how to do the metric conversions and what is the order of them? | Kilometers, Hecameters, Decameters, Meters/grams, Centimiters, Mililiters |
| magnification | makes something bigger |
| resolution | makes you able to see something clearly |
| Magnification of a light microscope | up to 1000 times |
| how to compound microscopes work? | they allow light to pass through the specimen and use two lenses to form and image |
| can compound/light microscopes view living things? | yes |
| how do electron microscopes work | they use an electron beam rather than light |
| can electron microscopes view living specimens? | no |
| what is a cell fractional | its spins at a high speed and separates parts of the cell |
| what does a cell fractional use | a centrifuse |
| what are the 6 levels of cellular studies | atoms, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
| what are the 5 levels of environmental studies | population, community, ecosystem, biome,biosphere |
| what are the 3 domains of life | eubacteria, archaea and eukaryota |
| all cells are surrounded by a thin, flexible barrier known as _____________ | cell plasma membrane |
| the cell membrane is composed of a __________ | phospholipid bilayer |
| what is cholestorols role in the phospholipid bilayer | helps maintain fluidity and prevent extremes |
| what is proteins role in the phospholipid bilayer | are like doors |
| carbohydrates role in the phospolipid bilayer | use signals to recognize/signal eachother |
| the cell membrane is often reffered to as a _____ | fluid mosaic model |
Created by:
I'mtheAlpha