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Stack #4585178
Bio Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Genetics | the branch of science that explores how heredity works and why variations occur among organisms |
| Heredity | how traits and characteristics are passed down from parents to their offspring across generations |
| Variation | diverse physical and genetic traits that make each individual different from their parents and siblings |
| Genes are transmitted from one generation to the next through the reproductive cells called | gametes |
| DNA molecules are organized and tightly coiled into structures called | chromosomes |
| The locus refers to the exact location or position of a | gene on a chromosome |
| A typical somatic cell (body cell) contains a complete homologous pair of chromosomes (one set from each biological parent)—a chromosomal configuration known as | diploid |
| The human diploid number is | 46 |
| Each copy of a homologous pair of chromosomes originates from a different parent; therefore, | the different genes are not identical |
| The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not involved in sex determination are known as | autosomal chromosomes |
| Gametes carry a single, complete set of chromosomes, making them | haploid cells |
| the haploid number in humans is | 23 |
| In humans and most multicellular organisms, genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called | gametes |
| Once an organism reaches sexual maturity, the testes and ovaries begin producing | haploid gametes |
| Gametes are the only human cells formed through the process of meiosis instead of | mitosis |
| Similar to mitosis, meiosis begins after chromosomes have been duplicated during | S phase |
| Unlike mitosis, meiosis produces | four non- identical haploid daughter cells. |
| After interphase, the sister chromatids are held together by the proteins | cohesins |
| A synaptonemal complex forms consisting of a | protein lattice that connects homologous chromosomes |
| Tight pairing of homologous chromosomes is called | synapsis |
| Homologous chromosomes remain joined at chiasmata until | anaphase 1 |
| Plant cells in T and C | Golgi vesicles fuse at the metaphase plate to form a cell plate, which develops into new cell walls |
| no chromosome replication in S phase occurs during | interkinesis |
| Mitosis occurs in | ONE division phase |
| Meiosis occurs in | TWO division phases |
| The main differences between mitosis and meiosis occur in meiosis I: | Formation of a synaptonemal complex. 2. Crossing Over 3. Homologous chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate as tetrad and separate during anaphase I. Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis |
| In meiosis cohesion is located | along the arms of the chromosome is cleaved during anaphase |
| In mitosis cohesion is located | cohesin is cleaved at the end of metaphase and entering into anaphase |
| Mutations, or alterations in an organism’s DNA, serve as the fundamental source of | genetic diversity |
| Three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation | 1.Crossing Over 2. Independent assortment of chromosomes 3. Random fertilization |
| Meiotic Crossing Over occurs when | prophase I of meiosis when homologous chromosomes pair up |
| recombinant chromosomes | blending genetic material from both parents into new combinations of DNA |
| 1–3 crossover events occur per | chromosomes |
| Random orientation of homologous pairs at the metaphase plate during metaphase I of meiosis is called | indpendent assortment |
| In humans: 2²³ = | over 8 million possible gamete combinations |
| Random fertilization increases | genetic diversity |
| Natural selection leads to the accumulation of | genetic traits |
| The Particulate Hypothesis is the idea that | parents pass discrete, separate “particles” of inheritance |
| Traits are inherited as | individual units |
| Heredity | how traits are passed down from parents to offspring |
| Character | is a heritable feature that varies among individuals |
| Trait | defined as a variation in the physical appearance of a heritable characteristic |
| hybridizations | mating two true-breeding individuals that have different traits |
| The hybrid offspring of the P0 generation were called the | F1 generation |
| Pea plants were particular useful as | variety, controlled mating, short generation time, large numbers of offspring, large generation of offspring |
| When Mendel crossed contrasting, true-breeding white-flowered and purple- flowered pea plants, all of the F1 hybrids were | purple |
| Recessive traits become latent or hidden in the | F₁ generation but reappear in the F generation |
| law of dominance | in a heterozygote, one trait will conceal the presence of another trait for the same characteristic |
| Law of Segregation | paired unit factors (genes) must segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either factor |
| law of Independent Assortment | genes do not influence each other with regards to the sorting of alleles into gametes |
| The Law of Independent Assortment is only valid for genes found on | separate, nonhomologous chromosomes |
| Genes that lie close together on the same chromosome are usually | inherited as a group |
| The product rule | states that the probability of two independent events occurring together can be calculated by multiplying the individual probabilities of each event occurring alone |
| The sum rule | the probability of the occurrence of one event or the other event, of two mutually exclusive events, |
| Mutant alleles produce reduced or no gene product, leading to | altered traits |
| Many human diseases are inherited through | genetic patterns |
| what do pedigrees determine | wether a trait is dominant, recessive, autosomal, or sex linked, carriers, and disorders |
| Recessive genetic conditions appear only when an individual has | two copies of an recessive allele |
| Carries possess | one dominant and one resessive allele |
| The wild-type allele provides enough function to | sustain life and and remain dominant |
| individuals lacking functional genetic copies cannot | continue to develop in the womb |
| When a disease caused by a recessive allele is uncommon in a population, the odds that two carriers encounter one another and have children are | very low or rare |
| T.H. Morgan’s work helped establish the | chromsome theory of inheritance |
Created by:
ecoesfeldd