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JM-Physio Stack 2

Chapters: 7-13

QuestionAnswer
What is a ligand in nerve signaling? A molecule that binds to a receptor (e.g., neurotransmitter, hormone) to trigger a response.
Difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors? Ionotropic → ligand-gated ion channels (fast). Metabotropic → G-protein coupled receptors (slow, modulatory).
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? Central Nervous System (CNS) → brain & spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) → nerves outside CNS.
Difference between autonomic and somatic nervous systems? Somatic → voluntary skeletal muscle control. Autonomic → involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands.
Divisions of the autonomic nervous system? Sympathetic (“fight or flight”) and Parasympathetic (“rest and digest”)
Name one hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Thyroxine (T4) or Triiodothyronine (T3).
Which gland secretes cortisol? Adrenal cortex.
What are the two main circulations in the body? Pulmonary circulation (heart → lungs → heart) and Systemic circulation (heart → body → heart).
What is the function of red blood cells? Transport oxygen via hemoglobin.
What is lymph? Fluid containing white blood cells, proteins, and fats that drains from tissues into lymphatic vessels.
Primary lymphoid organs? Bone marrow and thymus
Function of lymph nodes? Filter lymph and house immune cells for pathogen defense.
How does lung volume change during inspiration? Diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity expands, lung volume increases, pressure decreases → air flows in.
What drives gas exchange in the lungs? Diffusion down partial pressure gradients (O₂ into blood, CO₂ out).
Where does most nutrient absorption occur? Small intestine.
How are fats transported after digestion? Packaged into chylomicrons → enter lymphatic system → bloodstream.
What is the main extracellular cation? Sodium (Na⁺).
What is the main intracellular cation? Potassium (K⁺).
What is the normal blood pH range? 7.35–7.45.
Name one buffer system that maintains blood pH. Bicarbonate buffer system (HCO₃⁻ / H₂CO₃).
Created by: user-1989117
 

 



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