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Plant Science Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. In order for a Sequoia tree (a dicotyledonous plant) to reach its massive height and mass, 3 types of meristems must be active for hundreds of years. Identify the type of meristems below. | a. Apical, Lateral, & Root Meristem |
| 2. Leaf angle movement in response to the sun's angle in the horizon is known as __________________. | a. Heliotropic Movement |
| 3. Which plant pigment color is responsible for phototropism? | a. Blue light |
| 4. How can sunscald of young orchard trees be preventive? | a. Whitewashing the trunk |
| a. Stratification - | A period of time during which the seeds are imbibed at low temperatures. |
| b. Vernalization - | The promotion of flowering by exposing plants to low temperatures for a length of time. |
| c. Chilling Requirement - | Period of cold temperatures needed to break bud dormancy. |
| 6. The two most important gases to the growth of green plants are ____________________. | a. Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen |
| 7. Most fruit trees, woody plants, and vegetable crops induce flowering when they reach a certain morphological maturity which is determined by how much cold the plant has endured. | a. False |
| 8. Understanding photoperiodic responses allow crop producers to select and manipulate certain species and cultivars that flower and seed at the right time for their geographic location or market window. | a. True |
| 9. Fruits that experience a burst of respiration and a release of high levels of ethylene are known as _______________ fruits. This is why the expression "one bad apple can spoil the entire bunch" is true. | a. Climacteric |
| 10. Chemical growth regulators are forbidden by law to be used on plants grown for human consumption. | a. True |
| 11. Why is it not recommended to plant orchards in low spots? | a. Cold air settles |
| 12. When is the availability of water generally most critical for fruit production? | 30 days before harvest |
| a. Fruiting Spur - | A short, thick, fruit-bearing stem terminated by an apical floral, vegetative, or mixed bud at the end of the growing season. |
| b. Bourse Shoot - | A shoot arising from the mixed bud on a fruiting spur of apple tree. |
| c. Primocane - | A vegetative cane of raspberries, blackberries, or their hybrids that arises from crown or rhizome buds. |
| d. Floricane - | A second year cane of raspberries, blackberries, or their hybrids, on which floral buds initiated in the previous season develop flower and fruit. |
| e. Crown - | A strawberry stem with severely shortened internodes that develops a terminal floral bud in response to environmental cues. |
| 14. When is the best time to prune most fruit trees and canes? | During dormancy |
| 15. Honeybee hives should be placed no further than ____________ apart in fruit orchards. | 150-180 m |
| 16. What can happen if a fruit tree is planted too deep? | Stem rot |
| 17. The beginning point for all biochemical and metabolic processes that occur in plants begins with photosynthesis. | True |
| 18. What 3 elements make up carbohydrates? | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen |
| a. Monosaccharides | Single carbohydrate molecules |
| b. Disaccharides | Two carbohydrate molecules linked together. |
| c. Oligosaccharides | More than two molecules but less than seven molecules linked together. |
| d. Polysaccharides | Combinations of seven or more molecules linked together. |
| 20. Saturated fatty acids are generally considered to be more healthy than saturated in the human diet. | False |
| 21. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds thus leaving room for attachment of one or more hydrogen atoms. | True |
| 22. Proteins are long chains of ________________ linked together that create complex ____________-dimensional molecules. | Amino acids & three |
| 23. The plant's need for __ for phospholipids and nucleotides explains why it is a common ingredient in fertilizers. | P |
| 24. Altitude and insolation are the most important determinants of suitable climate for tropical crop production. | False |
| 24. Altitude and insolation are the most important determinants of suitable climate for tropical crop production. | False |
| 26. In general, rainfall decreases as latitude increases and also falls with increasing elevation. | True |
| 27. The major constraint to the realization of the potential productivity in subtropic regions is attributable to _________________. | Poor quality soils |
| 28. In a slash and burn cropping system, a __ year resting period is considered necessary to restore soil fertility after 3 years of farming. | 8 |
| 29. Planting at the onset of the wet season is critical for cereal cropping systems of West Africa to receive the benefit of nitrogen produced in a burst by soil microbes. | True |
| 30. Rice yields are greatest during the _______ season. | Dry |
| a. Avocado - | Produces a berry with a leathery skin and remains hard as long as it is on the tree. |
| b. Banana - | Fruit develops parthenocarpically as a bunch and are planted at a density of 8,100 plants per acre. |
| c. Cacao - | Production areas are within 20 degrees of the equator and below 1,000ft altitudes. |
| d. Citrus - | Production areas are within 30 degrees of the equator and disease problems are more devastating than insect pests. |
| e. Coconut - | Tolerates high salt levels in soils and must be propagated by seed because no part of the tree can be used for vegetative propagation. |
| f. Coffee - | Produces a drupe fruit from clusters of two to twenty perfect flowers that last only 3 days. |
| g. Mango - | Pollinated by fruit bats and insects this crop produces fruit annually for a decade but then begins to alternate bear. |
| 32. When is planting done in a permanent upland cultivation system? | At the onset of the rainy season |
| 33. Chromosomes, which carry most of the plants genetic information, are found in the ____________. | NUCLEUS |
| 34. Cell division in the shoot and root tips, axillary buds, leaf primordia, and the vascular cambium is called mitosis. | True |
| 35. In fertilization, one male gamete unites with the two polar nuclei in the embryo sac to form the _______________. | Endosperm |
| 36. Breeding means selecting a female parent of a desirable phenotype to produce desirable offspring. | False |
| 37. The process of increasing plant numbers is called ___________. | Propagation |
| 38. Seed dormancy can be considered a survival mechanism because it protects the seed from germinating under unfavorable environmental conditions. | True |
| a. Stem cuttings – | new roots |
| b. Leaf cuttings – | new roots and buds |
| c. Leaf-bud cuttings – | new roots |
| d. Root cuttings – | new adventitious shoot |
| 40. Bulbs and corms break away from mother plant naturally in what is called separation propagation. | True |
| 41. Which one of the following categories of plants ARE NOT produced in terrestrial nurseries? | Kelp |
| 42. If the desired marketable trunk diameter of nursery field trees is 3 inches. How far apart should the trees be planted? | 9 feet |
| 43. For container-grown plants, what is the optimum aeration porosity for woody plants? | 20-30 percent |
| 44. Identify the most limiting element related to plant growth. | Nitrogen |
| 45. Nutrient availability to plants is affected more by __________ than any other factor. | pH |
| 46. Measuring the change in electrical conductivity allows growers to measure roughly the porosity of the media. | False |
| 47. What is the biggest disadvantage of container production in nurseries? | The plant’s total dependence on irrigation |
| 48. What is the average length of time for a new nursery to start having a return on investment dollars? | 3 to 5 years |
| a. Common Name – | what an organism is locally called. |
| b. Taxa – | Classification of all living things based upon physical characteristics |
| c. Prokaryotes – | Has cells with no separate subcellular units. |
| d. Eukaryotes – | Has cells with subcellular units. |
| 51. What is the usual characteristic that define botanical families? | Flower structure |
| 52. What are the two main categories of cultivars? | Clones and Lines |
| 53. Which fiber crop has historical roots to 5 major regions of the world? | Cotton |
| 54. ___________ is the most widely cultivated plant in the world today. | Wheat |
| a. Wheat – | Cultivated in Near East regions about 7,000 BCE. |
| b. Corn – | Cultivated in the New World about 5,000 to 6,000 BCE but origination is unknown. |
| c. Rice – | Believed to have originated in Southeast Asia about 5,000 years ago. |
| d. Potato – | Believed to be cultivated by primitive peoples of South America Andes Mountains 4,000 years ago |
| 56. Low, unheated glass-covered structures that could be opened were called ___________ by the English. | Cold Frames |
| 57. A _____________ fan is used to draw outside air in between a double layer of polyethylene for insulation. | Squirrel-cage |
| 58. Which wave of radiation is trapped in the greenhouse thus causing an increase in the temperature? | Long-wave |
| 59. Plants grown under high levels of red light have long internode spacing, are tall, unbranched and have light green leaves. | False |
| Identify the important chemical properties of growing media. | pH and electrical conductivity |
| 62. Salinity is the measure of the concentrations of carbonates and bicarbonates in irrigation water. | False |
| 63. Soil media and foliar testing are two methods used for monitoring the nutrient status of a plant. | True |
| a. Bactericide controls | Erwinia |
| b. Fungicide controls | Pythium |
| c. IPHM controls | insects and diseases through surveillance, preventive measures, and corrective actions |
| 65. The carbon cycle starts with _________________. | Photosynthesis |
| 66. During photosynthesis, oxygen is produced from _________ | Water |
| 67. In what cycle is carbon dioxide reduced to carbohydrate? | Calvin cycle |
| 68. ___________ is derived from the remaining glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate molecule. | Glucose |
| 69. ____________ is needed in relatively large quantities due to its use in metabolism. | Phosphorus |
| 69. ____________ is needed in relatively large quantities due to its use in metabolism. | Phosphorus |
| 71. If you are supplementing with artificial light, which light portions should you insure bulbs emit? | Red and blue wavelengths |
| 72. What percentage of the solar energy reaching the earth’s surface is used directly in photosynthesis? | 5% |
| 73. Photosynthetic activity approximately doubles for each _______ increase in temperature for many plant species. | 10 C |
| 74. Water vapor and CO2 leave and enter the plant through the _____________. | Stomates |
| 75. The first step in plant respiration occurs in the _____________ and the second and third step occurs in the ________________. | Cell cytoplasm and mitochondria |
| 76. To overcome an infertile dry soil, ____________ and _____________ must be subsidized. | Fertilizers and water |
| a. Determinate – | growth of individual shoot ends in a flower. |
| b. Stolons – | horizontal creeping stems from the axillary bud that grow over the surface of the ground. |
| c. Rhizomes – | horizontal creeping stems from the axillary bud that grow below the surface of the ground. |
| d. Tillers – | vertical growing stems from the axillary bud. |
| e. Intercalary meristems – | regions of cell initiation that lie across stems. |
| 78. The first step in soil preparation includes __________ and ____________. | Grading and tilling |
| 79. Starter fertilizers and lime should be incorporated into the soil to a depth of __________. | 6 inches |
| 80. What is the maximum percentage of leaf tissue that should be removed at any one mowing? | 33% |
| 81. How frequent should soil tests be performed? | Once every five years. |
| dentify the best method of disease diagnosis. | Send sample to lab for analysis |
| 83. List the three principal turf management practices: | Mowing |
| 84. Water’s stability is due to its lack of symmetry. | True |
| 85. Bodies of water can moderate the temperatures of nearby areas due to its unusually low specific heat. | False |
| a. Adhesion | is the force of attraction between unlike molecules such as soil particles and water. |
| b. Cohesion | is the force of attraction between like molecules such as water and water. |
| c. Capillary rise | is the upward movement of water. |
| d. Water potential | is created by the adhesive and cohesive forces of attraction. |
| 86. Water will move laterally only if there is enough matric potential to pull the water in that direction. | True |
| 87. Fertilizer burn is caused by? | Osmotic potential |
| 88. When soil is saturated with water, ____________ energy is required to remove water from soil particles. | Zero psi |
| 89. Soil ___________ determines the relationship between soil water content and soil moisture tension. | Texture |
| 90. Water available to plants can be defined as: | The water between field capacity and PWP. |
| 91. Water enters the roots of plants through the __________ of the root. | Xylem |
| As water travels farther away from the root, the potential or tension continues to increase pulling the water to the stems, leaves and finally the air. | False – the potential decreases. |
| The flow of water from the roots through the xylem in the stems to the uppermost leaves is called the ________________. | Transpiration stream |
| 94. When water evaporates from a plant, the plants temperature increases due to the energy in the form of heat required to change the liquid to a gas. | False – heat is extracted from the surrounding air and thereby cools the plant. |
| What visual cue of plants indicates the need of adding water? | Wilting |
| 96. _________________ is the process that moves mineral nutrients against high concentration gradient. | Active transport |
| 97. Sugars are transported throughout the plant primarily by the __________ tissues. | Phloem |
| Softwood trees can be killed by girdling them and thus starving the roots for photosynthesis. | False – hardwood trees can be killed by girdling. |
| 99. What season of the year is tree planting recommended for Mississippi? | Fall |
| 100. When purchasing trees in containers, a homeowner should always take home the tree with visable roots surrounding the container. | False. |
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