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Bio - Unit 3
3.1-3.3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA's primary role | ensure genetic continuity of a species |
| Process of going from DNA to protein | gene that codes for protein needed is activated, DNA code is transcribed into RNA molecule, RNA moves from nucleus to cytosol and is translated by ribosomes into amino acid chains |
| genes | specific coding regions of DNA that contain instructions for building proteins |
| DNA packaging in ekaryotes | - stored in nucleus - DNA strand wrapped around histones -DNA-histone complexes coil into chromatin fibres - packaging protects and condenses DNA volume |
| DNA packaging in prokaryotes | - located in cytosol - DNA is concentrated in the nucleid |
| plasmid DNA | -small, circular loops of DNA |
| semiconservative replication model | each of the two new DNA molecules consist of one old strand anf one new strand |
| Process of DNA replication | 1. Strand Seperation 2. Building Complementary strands 3. Proofreading and repair |
| Strand Separation (in dna replication) | -begins at replication origin -helicase unwinds dna double helix by breaking h bonds -seperation creates a replication fork -replocation bubble is formed by seperation occuring in btoh directions |
| solving tension | -topoisomerase cuts both or one strand, allowing them to untangle and then rejoining them |
| solving annealing | -seperated strand tend to rejoin - single-strand binding proteins attach to strands to keep them seperated |
| building complementary strands (in dna replication) | -DNA polymerase builds the new strands -new nucleotides are added as DNTPs -hydrolysis of two phosphate groups provides energy to form phosphodiester bond -new strand is always built 5'-3' |
| the primer problem | -dna polymerase can only elongate an existing strand -rna primase builds an rna primer that is complementary to the template strand -this provides a 3' end for dna ploymerase to attach to |
| leading strand | -strand is built towards the replication fork -new strand is synthesized in the 5'-3' direction by dna polymerase III -rna primer only required at the beginning |
| lagging strand | -strand is built away from the replication fork, synthesized discontinuosly -rna primase adds multiple primers dna polymerase III builds strands in short segments (okazaki fragments) -dna polymerase I removes rna primers and adds nucleotides -dna |
| proofreading (in dna replication) | -dna polymerase III proofreads -if incorrect nucleotide is corrected it will be removed and replaced |
| repair (in dna replicaiton) | -dna pol I and II scan dna for errors missed by dna pol III -mismatched bases distort double helix shape -they scan for distortion, cut it out, usesa dna pol to fill gap, dna ligase seels it |
Created by:
gracie.elisabeth