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Earlean Ross
Anatomy 7-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the heart valves? | Heart valves prevent the backward flow of blood and ensure one-directional movement through the heart. |
| What is the difference between arteries and veins? | Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure, while veins carry blood toward the heart and have valves to prevent backflow. |
| What are the major components of blood? | Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. |
| What is the primary function of hemoglobin? | Hemoglobin binds and transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues. |
| Why are white blood cells important? | They defend the body against pathogens and participate in immune responses. |
| What is the primary difference between the endocrine and nervous systems? | The nervous system sends fast electrical signals, while the endocrine system sends slower but longer-lasting hormone signals through the bloodstream. |
| What hormone is produced by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels | Insulin lowers blood glucose by allowing cells to absorb glucose. |
| Which gland is known as the “master gland” and why? | The pituitary gland is called the master gland because it controls many other endocrine glands. |
| What is the role of the retina in vision? | The retina contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) that convert light into neural signals for the brain. |
| What structure in the ear is responsible for balance? | The semicircular canals detect rotational movement, and the vestibule detects changes in position and linear motion. |
| How do olfactory receptors function? | They detect airborne chemical molecules and send smell information to the brain via the olfactory nerve. |
| What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? | The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves outside the CNS). |
| What is the function of the myelin sheath? | Myelin insulates neurons and greatly increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission. |
| How do sensory and motor neurons differ? | Sensory neurons send information to the CNS, while motor neurons send instructions from the CNS to muscles or glands. |
| What are the three types of muscle tissue? | Skeletal muscle (voluntary), cardiac muscle (heart), and smooth muscle (walls of organs and vessels). |
| How does a muscle contraction occur at the cellular level? | Calcium ions trigger actin and myosin filaments to slide past each other, shortening the muscle fiber—known as the sliding filament mechanism. |
| What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction? | ATP provides the energy for myosin heads to detach from actin and reset for another contraction cycle. |
| What are the main functions of the skeletal system? | It provides support, protects internal organs, enables body movement, stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus, and produces blood cells in red bone marrow |
| What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone? | Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, while spongy bone has trabeculae (mesh-like spaces) and contains red bone marrow. |
| How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts differ in function? | Osteoblasts build new bone by depositing matrix; osteoclasts break down bone to release calcium and remodel tissue. |
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