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Physiology
Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the principal organs of the urinary system? | The kidneys, which process blood and form urine. |
| What structures carry urine from the kidneys to the outside of the body? | The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. |
| What is the hilum of the kidney? | A medial concave notch where renal blood vessels and other structures enter or exit. |
| What are the two main internal regions of the kidney? | The renal cortex (outer region) and the renal medulla (inner region). |
| What are renal pyramids? | Triangular wedges of medullary tissue whose papillae release urine into the calyces. |
| What structures collect urine from the renal papillae? | Minor calyces → major calyces → renal pelvis → ureter. |
| How much blood flows through the kidneys each minute? | About 1200 mL per minute (about one-fifth of all blood pumped by the heart). |
| What is the main function of the urinary bladder? | It stores urine and helps expel it during urination. |
| How does the ureter prevent urine backflow from the bladder? | By entering the bladder wall at an oblique angle, which closes like a valve when the bladder is full. |
| What triggers the micturition (urination) reflex? | Increasing bladder pressure stimulates involuntary detrusor muscle contractions and relaxation of internal sphincters. |
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