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Partner Quiz Ch. 6
Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Declaration of Independence | Document declaring U.S. independence; argues natural rights, social contract, and right to overthrow unjust government. |
| Articles of Confederation | First U.S. government system; weak national gov, strong states; failed due to lack of taxing and enforcement power. |
| U.S. Constitution | Framework establishing federal government, separation of powers, federalism, and individual rights. |
| Brutus 1 | Anti-Federalist essay arguing large republics threaten liberty and states’ power. |
| Federalist 10 | Madison argues a large republic controls factions better. |
| Federalist 51 | Madison argues checks and balances & separation of powers protect liberty. |
| Federalist 70 | Hamilton argues for a single energetic executive. |
| Federalist 78 | Hamilton argues for judicial independence and judicial review. |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | Established judicial review. Marshall ruled the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, giving the Court power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | Congress can create a national bank under the Necessary & Proper Clause, and states cannot tax it. Confirmed implied powers and federal supremacy. |
| Baker v. Carr (1962) | Allowed courts to review redistricting. Unequal districts violated Equal Protection. Established “one person, one vote.” |
| Shaw v. Reno (1993) | Struck down racial gerrymandering. Districts cannot be drawn primarily based on race under the Equal Protection Clause. |
| United States v. Lopez (1995) | Limited the Commerce Clause. Possessing a gun near a school is not economic activity, so Congress exceeded its power with the Gun-Free School Zones Act. |
| civil society groups | Non-governmental organizations that advocate for public issues. |
| constitution | A written plan outlining government powers and limits. |
| commerce clause | Gives Congress power to regulate interstate commerce. |
| constitutional republic | Government where officials are elected and rule is limited by a constitution. |
| checks and balances | Each branch can limit the others. |
| concurrent powers | Powers shared by federal and state governments. |
| elitist theory | Belief that wealthy, powerful elites influence government. |
| separation of powers | Division of powers among legislative, executive, judicial. |
| reserved powers | Powers kept by the states. |
| pluralist theory | Belief that many competing interests shape public policy. |
| elastic clause | Allows implied powers. |
| exclusive powers | Powers only the federal government has. |
| participatory democracy | People directly influence government actions. |
| expressed powers | Powers written in the Constitution. |
| confederal system | Weak national government, strong states. |
| inalienable rights | Rights people are born with. |
| federalism | Shared powers between national and state governments. |
| unitary system | Power centralized in one national government. |
| popular sovereignty | The people hold ultimate power. |
| implied powers | Not written but necessary for expressed powers. |
| federal system | Division of power across different levels. |
| republicanism | People elect representatives. |
| bicameral | Two-house legislature. |
| supremacy clause | Federal law > state law. |
| social contract | People give up some freedom in exchange for protection. |
| writ of habeas corpus | Protection against unlawful detention. |
| cooperative federalism | National and state governments work together. |
| politics | Process of decision-making in government. |
| Great Compromise | Created House by population, Senate equal. |
| Fourteenth Amendment | Citizenship, due process, equal protection. |
| cloture | Ends a filibuster with 60 votes. |
| delegate role | Votes based on constituents’ wishes. |
| trustee role | Votes based on personal judgment. |
| politico role | Mix of delegate and trustee. |
| divided government | Different parties control branches. |
| gerrymandering | Drawing districts to favor a party. |
| filibuster | Talking to block a bill. |
| incumbency advantage | Benefits current officeholders have. |
| mandatory vs discretionary spending | Mandatory required; discretionary chosen yearly. |
| entitlement vs welfare program | Entitlements guaranteed; welfare need-based. |
| bargaining and persuasion | President negotiating with Congress. |
| bully pulpit | President shapes public opinion. |
| executive agreement | No Senate treaty approval. |
| executive order | Directive with force of law. |
| executive privilege | President withholds information. |
| signing statement | President's interpretation of a bill. |
| pardon | Forgives a federal crime. |
| formal vs informal powers | Written vs unwritten powers. |
| veto | Rejecting a bill. |
| War Powers Resolution | Limits president’s troop deployment. |
| appellate jurisdiction | Reviews lower court decisions. |
| original jurisdiction | First court to hear a case. |
| concurring opinion | Agrees but for different reasons. |
| dissenting opinion | Disagrees with majority. |
| majority opinion | Court’s official ruling. |
| federal courts of appeals | Middle-level federal courts. |
| federal district courts | Trial courts. |
| precedent | Following earlier rulings. |
| judicial activism vs restraint | Bold vs limited judicial action. |
| judicial review | Declare laws unconstitutional. |
| Article 3, Section 1 | Judicial power, judicial tenure, and court structure |
| Article 3, Section 2 | Jurisdiction, original and appellate |
| What power allows Congress to limit the President’s veto? | Congress can override a veto with a 2/3 vote in both houses. |
| How can the President check Congress’s lawmaking power? | The President can veto legislation. |
| How does the Supreme Court check Congress? | The Court can declare laws unconstitutional (judicial review). |
| How does Congress check the Supreme Court? | Congress can change the Court’s jurisdiction, pass new laws, or propose constitutional amendments to overturn decisions. |
| What power allows the Senate to check Presidential appointments? | The Senate must confirm federal judges and executive officials. |
| How can Congress check the President’s military power? | Only Congress can declare war and control military funding; War Powers Resolution requires notifications. |
| How can Congress check the President through impeachment? | The House impeaches; the Senate conducts the trial and can remove the President. |
| How does the President check the judiciary? | The President nominates Supreme Court and federal judges. |
| How does the judiciary check the President? | Courts can strike down executive orders as unconstitutional. |
| How does the Senate check treaties made by the President? | The Senate must ratify treaties with a 2/3 vote. |
| How can Congress check the executive branch’s agencies? | Congress can conduct oversight hearings and control agency funding. |
| How does the President check Congress in the lawmaking process besides veto? | The President can use signing statements to influence interpretation of laws. |
| How does Congress check the President’s budget authority? | Congress controls all federal spending through the power of the purse. |
| How does the judicial branch maintain independence from Congress and the President? | Federal judges have life tenure and protected salaries. |
| What check does the Supreme Court have over executive agencies? | Courts can rule agency actions unconstitutional or beyond congressional authority. |
Created by:
katdolan