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Race + gender
Race and ethnicity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Race | Race is socially constructed concept with social consequences |
| Racialization | The social process by which certain social groups are marked for unequal treatment based on perceived physiological differences ▪ Melanin = a pigment in skin that determine the skin’s shade |
| Miscegenation | The blending of different racialized groups through sexual relations, procreation, marriage, or cohabitation |
| Minority group | A definable category of people who are socially disadvantaged. |
| Majority group | A definable category of people who are socially advantaged |
| 2 components of minority group | Lack of social power ▪ Distinct definable character from the majority group |
| Stereotypes | Oversimplified ideas about groups of people |
| Prejudice | A negative judgment about a person or group, long-lasting and not based on fact |
| Discrimination | Action that deny or grant advantages to member of a particular group |
| White Privilege | The benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group |
| Democratic racism | a system that advocates equality but, in fact, perpetuates minority differentiation and oppression |
| INSTITUTIONAL RACISM | A society that is built on a discriminatory foundation as part of state policies implementation on a different group of people |
| Canadian History of Institutional Racism - indigenous people | Royal Proclamation of 1763, ndian Act of 1876 • Civilizing policy, residential schools in 19th century |
| RACE AND ETHNICITY IN CANADA: BLACK CANADIAN | 1834 and the Abolition of slavery act, Underground railroad, Immigration reform, Equal but separated, Black people in BC |
| Equal but separated | • Residential segregation • Occupation segregation |
| Immigration reform | • Introduction of work visa • Seasonal agricultural worker • Domestic worker program |
| Underground railroad | Nova Scotia • Africville |
| Black people in BC | City counsellor Mifflin Gibbs (1823-1915) • Denial of access to white only events |
| Chinese Canadian | • Canadian Pacific Railway • Chinese worker was valued as 1/3 to 1/4 of other workers |
| Japanese Canadian | • 1887 – Issei were the first wave of Japanese immigrant • 1907 – migration policy change for Japanese immigrant • immigration restriction on Japanese men • eventual family reunion |
| South Asian | • 1904 – the first south Asian, who were only Indian Sikh • 1908 – the second wave of south Asian migration (90% Indian Sikh ) |
| RACE AND ETHNICITY IN CANADA: ASIAN CANADIAN | “Unfit for full citizenship. ” (CBC, 2001) • Chinese head tax (1885-1923) • Japanese internment camps (1941-1949) • South Asia’s $200 financial assets and direct ticket from India • Komagata Maru in 1914 |
| Model minority | The stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protesting the majority establishment |
| Genocide | The deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group |
| Expulsion | When a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area or the country |
| examples of expulsion | Holocaust ▪ Colonization of North America ▪ Cultural genocide ▪ Darfur region of Sudan ▪ Rohingyas in Myanma |
| Segregation | The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions. |
| De jure segregation | Segregation that is legally introduced and enforced |
| De facto segregation | Segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors |
| Assimilation | The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture |
| 4 criteria of assimilation | Socioeconomic status, 2. Spatial concentration, 3. Language assimilation 4. Intermarriage |
| Integration | When different groups come together and shape society. It is the process by which minority groups become part of mainstream society to create a cohesive experience. |
| Multiculturalism | The recognition of cultural and racial diversity and of the equality of different cultures. |
| Kymlicka’s three methods of multicultural group-specific rights | Self-government rights 2. polyethnic rights 3. Special representation rights |
| Hybridity | The process by which different racial and ethnic groups combine to create new or emergent cultural forms and practices. New world, a new hybrid ethnic culture |
| • Scapegoat theory | A theory stating that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group |
| Authoritative personality theory | Prejudice is a personal trait of people who strongly believe in following cultural norms, traditions and values |
| Culture theory | The assertion that some prejudice is healthy and part of culture |
| Social distance | the Relative distance people feel between themselves and other racial/ethnic minorities |
| Culture of prejudice | A value system that promotes prejudice, discrimination, and oppression |
| FUNCTIONALISM | Function of racial hierarchy ▪ The eventual dysfunction of the racial hierarchy ▪ Construction of ethnic and racial group |
| Critical Race Theory | An interdisciplinary approach that investigates the intersection of race, class, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality to explain prejudice and discrimination |
| Post-colonialism | The colonial past of a nation shapes the social, political and economic experience of the colonized country |
| Intersectionality Theory | Inability to separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes |
| Herbert Blumer and the construction of a prejudiced culture | blumer argues that racial prejudice is a collective process, not merely a set of individual attitudes or feelings. |
| 4 feelings experienced by the dominant group are: | 1. A feeling of superiority 2. A feeling that the subordinate race is different and alien 3. A feeling of proprietary claim to certain areas of privilege , 4. A fear that the subordinate race harbours designs on the prerogatives of the dominant race |
| Sex | The physical or physiological differences between female, male, and others |
| Gender | Social and cultural distinction that relates to the diversity of femininity and masculinity |
| Cisgendered | Individuals whose gender identity matches the gender assigned at birth |
| Transgender | Individuals identifying with a gender that is not assigned to them at birth |
| Hegemonic Masculinity | The normative ideal of dominant masculinity. |
| Emphasized femininity | The normative ideal of femininity based on a woman’s compliance with their subordination to men. |
| Patriarchy | Set of institutional structures which are based on the belief that men and women are dichotomous and unequal categories |
| Gender stereotypes | Overgeneralization of gender characteristics |
| Sexism | The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. |
| Family (gender and socialization) | First agent of socialization • Feminine chores vs. Masculine chores • Gendered restrictions |
| Education (gender and socialization) | • Gender segregation • Educational divide |
| Peer group (gender and socialization) | • Gender nonconformity and isolation • Harsher sanction for boys |
| Mass media (gender and socialization) | • Typecasting women • Gendered advertisement |
| SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND INEQUALITY | Pink-collar vs. Blue-collar occupation, Women in female-dominated occupations |
| Four reasons for the gender gap | 1.Gender discrimination in hiring and salary 2.Women and men are concentrated in positions that were encouraged by the early education of children. 3.Unequal distribution of unpaid domestic duties among genders 4.Devaluation of pink-collar position |
| Stratification | A system in which groups of people experience unequal access to basic, yet highly valuable, social resources. |
| Structural functionalism (gender) | Public and private sphere • Gendered division of labour • Women were physically strained due to pregnancy and child- rearing • WWII and division of labour • Talcott Parson • Function of the husband as a breadwinner and the wife as homemaker |
| Conflict Theory (gender) | Power relationship and access to social resources • Dominant group oppressing and exploiting the subordinated group • Friedreich Engels (1820-1895) • Owner-worker relationship in family setting • Double exploitation of women in capitalist system |
| Public and private sphere | The public sphere is the realm of politics, work, and public life that is open to everyone, while the private sphere is the domestic world of the home and family |
| What dynamic did Talcott Parson argue for | Function of the husband as a breadwinner and the wife as homemaker |
| what influenced Gendered division of labour | Women were physically strained due to pregnancy and child- rearing |
| Feminist Theory (gender) | Radical feminism and criticism of family structure in maintaining social inequality |
| Bifurcated consciousness | TheMexperience of a division between the directly lived, bodily world of women’s lives and the dominant, masculine, abstract, institutional world to which they must adapt. |
| Symbolic interactionism (GENDER) | West and Zimmerman’s Doing gender |
| Symbolic interactionism | a sociological theory that views society as the product of everyday social interactions between individuals |
| Post Structuralist theories (gender) | Judith Butler’s Gender performance • Gender Discourse |
| what does the gender discourse entail | Gender and sexuality are socially reconstructed. |
| Sexual identity | Our sense of self as a sexual being, our sense of attraction to potential others, our knowledge of our bodies, our sexual history, and our sexual preference. |
| What is Alfred Kinsey's Seven-point scale | Alfred Kinsey's seven-point scale is a rating system that classifies an individual's sexual orientation on a continuum from exclusively heterosexual (0) to exclusively homosexual (6), |
| Charmed Circle and outer limit | The Charmed Circle refers to sexual behaviors, identities, and relationships that are considered "good, normal, natural, and blessed" by society. These receive social approval, legal protection, and cultural validation. The outer limit is "bad, unnatural" |
| Sexuality in Canada | Less restrictive compared to other places regarding pre-, extra-marital sex and homosexuality |
| define Post Structuralist | It argues that meaning is not inherent or determined by a single author's intent, but is instead fluid, unstable, and created through the reader's interpretation and broader cultural and power dynamics |
| Sexual Double Standard | A concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men |
| Rape Culture | Normalization of rape as a part of double standards of gender and sexuality. |
| Racialized sexual double standard | judgments and expectations regarding sexual behavior differ based on an individual's combined race and gender |
| Slut Walk | a global, grassroots social movement and form of feminist protest that emerged in 2011 to challenge rape culture, victim-blaming, and slut-shaming of sexual assault victims |
| Sociological Perspectives on Sex and Sexuality | Structural functionalism • Significance of family in regulating sexual practices • Sexuality to strengthen bond • Procreation in a legal and stable relationship • Homosexual practices as dysfunctional |
| Commodification of sexuality | he process where sexuality is treated as goods and services available for exchange |
| Micro power | Using sexual practice to put surveillance on the entire population |
| Heteronormative | The belief and practice that heterosexuality is the only normal sexual orientation. |
| Cis-normative | The belief that gender dichotomy is the only normal form of gender expression |
| Sexual scrip | Cultural expectations about appropriate sexuality that are learned through social interactions. |
| Discourse of sexuality | Socially constructed and taken-for-granted meaning regarding sexuality |
| Queer Theory | A scholarly discipline that questions fixed (normative) definitions of gender and sexuality • Sexuality as a complex and fluid experience |
| Social stratification | Hierarchical ranking of people into social classes |
| Equality of condition | A situation in which everyone in a society has a similar level of wealth, status, and power |
| Equality of opportunity | A situation in which everyone in a society has an equal chance to pursue economic or social rewards. |
| Meritocracy | An ideal system in which personal effort—or merit—determines social standing. |
| Social inequality | unequal distribution of socially valued resources based on various attributes |
| Classism | An ideology that suggests that people’s relative worth in society is at least partly determined by their social and economic status |
| Blaming the victim (social inequality) | Holding individuals responsible for the undesirable conditions of their lives |
| Blame the system | Holding the system accountable for systematic discrimination existing within the social system |
| Caste system | A system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives |
| Class system | A system that is based on both social factors and individual achievement |
| Achieved status | A status received through individual effort or merits (e.g., occupation, educational level, moral character, etc.). |
| Ascribed status | A status received by virtue of being born into a category or group (e.g., hereditary position, gender, race, etc.) |
| Social mobility | The ability to change positions within a social stratification system. |
| Stratification's social factors | Wealth, Income, Power, Status |
| The three social classes in Canada | Owning class, middle class, traditional working class |
| Standard of living | The level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle. |
| Absolute poverty | severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information |
| Relative poverty | Living without the minimum amount of income or resources needed to be able to participate in the ordinary living patterns, customs, and activities of a society. |
| Factors influencing social inequality in Canada | Colonization, Disability, Education, Geographic location, Gender and Family Structure, Visible minority Status |
| Davis-Moore thesis | A thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity. |
| what theory did Davis Moore follow | functionalism |
| Bourgeoisie | he owning class lives from the proceeds of owning or controlling productive property |
| Proletariat | Those who seek to establish a sustainable standard of living by maintaining the level of their wages and the level of employment in society |
| what theory did max weber follow | conflict theory |
| Double Shift | A situation in which women who have full-time jobs outside the home often work another shift when they get home |
| Status symbol | Material indicators of an individual’s social and economic position |
| Veblen's Conspicuous consumption | Buying and using products to make a statement about social standing |
| Global stratification | A comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole. |
| Neoliberalism | A set of policies in which the state reduces its role in providing public services, regulating industry, redistributing wealth, and protecting the commons while advocating using free market mechanisms to regulate society |
| Empire | A new supra-national, global form of sovereignty whose territory is the entire globe. |
| Deviance | Action that violates social norms, which may be against the law or no |
| Crime | Behaviour that requires social control and social intervention, codified in law |
| Moral entrepreneur | An individual or group who influences the creation or enforcement of a society’s moral code |
| Howard Becker (1928) | Moral entrepreneur |
| Moral panic | a widespread, often irrational, fear that an individual, group, or episode is a serious threat to a community's core values and well-bein |
| The fear-gender paradox | The fear-gender paradox in criminology is the phenomenon where women consistently report significantly higher levels of fear of crime than men, despite official crime statistics showing that men are statistically more likely to be victims of violent crime |
| Moral regulation | the processes by which societies establish, maintain, and enforce shared standards of conduct, behavior, and values |
| Social control | The regulation and enforcement of norms. |
| Donald Black’s four types of social controls | Penal social control 2. Compensatory social control 3. Therapeutic social control 4. Conciliatory social control |
| Michel Foucault’s Social Control as Government and Discipline | 19th century and introduction of modern institutions Prison, public school, army, asylum, hospital and factory |
| Disciplinary social control | Detailed continuous training, control, and observation of individuals to improve their capabilities. |
| Panopticon = Jeremy Bentham’s “seeing machine” | Jeremy Bentham’s “seeing machine” that became the model for the ideal prison. |
| Surveillance | Various means used to make the lives and activities of individuals visible to authorities |
| Normalization | The process by which norms are used to differentiate, rank, and correct individual behaviour |
| Normalizing society | A society that uses continual observation, discipline, and correction of its subjects to exercise social control |
| 4 basic beliefs of Rational Choice Theory | Crime is a rational action. 2. Criminal sets less work for greater reward. 3. A fear of punishment leads to control of individual choice. 4. When criminality matches its punishment, society improves its ability to control criminal behaviours. |
| Biological Perspectives | cesare Lombroso (1835–1909) Born criminals Skull measurement and likelihood of criminal behaviour James Fallon Environmental factors |
| ROBERT MERTON: STRAIN THEORY | deviance and crime as a result of a gap or a "strain" between culturally approved goals (e.g., the American Dream of success and wealth) and the legitimate means available to achieve those goals (e.g., quality education, good jobs). |
| Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin: Illegitimate opportunity theory | hey argued that crime does not simply arise from the lack of legitimate opportunities but from the availability of specific illegitimate opportunities in one's neighborhood |
| Hirschi: Control theory | Hirschi argues that people naturally commit deviant acts unless they are restrained by their bond to society. Deviance occurs when an individual's social bonds to conventional institutions (like family, school, and community) are weak or broken |
| Crimes of accommodation | Crimes committed as ways in which individuals cope with conditions of oppression and inequality |
| Power elite | A small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources. |
| Crime and social class | Street crime = Crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces. White-collar crime = Crimes committed by high status or privileged members of society |
| Edwin Sutherland: Differential association theory | A theory that states individuals learn deviant behaviour from those close to them, who provide models of and opportunities for deviance. |
| Howard Becker Labelling theory | The ascribing of a deviant behaviour to another person by members of society. |
| Edwin Lemert: Primary deviance and Secondary deviance; | rimary deviance = A violation of norms that does not result in any long- term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others. Secondary deviance = When the person’s self-perception changes after their action is labelled as deviant |
| edwin lemert Master status | A label that describes the main characteristics of an individual |
| Perception of female criminal Otto Pollack | Chivalry hypothesis |
| Doubly deviant female criminal | Breaking laws Breaking gender stereotypes |
| labels Elizabeth Comack and Salena Brickey explain are used to describe female criminals | Victim, Mad, Bad |
| Perception of female victims and criminals | Doubly deviant = Women (or other categories of individuals) who break both laws and gender (or other) norms. Secondary victimization = After an initial victimization, secondary victimization is incurred through criminal justice processes. |
| Twin myths of rape | The notion that women lie about sexual assault out of malice toward men Women say “no” to sexual relations when they really mean “yes” |
| Rule of law | The requirement that no one is above the law and the state power should not be applied arbitrarily |
| Classical approach to theorizing law | Consensus view Conflict view Interactionist view |
| Modern approach to theorizing law | Critical legal studies • Protectionist rhetoric • Feminist legal studies • Critical race theory |
| Fads | form of collective behavior that spreads rapidly and enthusiastically among a large population but is typically short-lived and superficial in nature |
| crazes | a type of collective behavior characterized by a highly emotional and rapid attachment of large numbers of people to a particular idea, object, person, or activity, which typically lasts only for a short period. |
| Level of social movement | Local, regional, national, global |
| Four types of social movement | Reform, revolutionary, reactionary, religious |
| Four stages of social movement | Preliminary stage, Coalescence Stage, Institutionalization stage, Decline stage |
| Digital native | Prensky’s term for people who grew up with digital technology |
| Digital immigrant | Prensky’s term for people who grew up before digital technologies became commonplace |
| Inspiration for Social change | Technology Demographic shift The physical environment Economic competition War Ideas Government Individual Social movement |
Created by:
aishamahboob