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Exam 3 HDF
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The dynamics of a ratio | much more to a family system, look at available resources and number of parents and coparents on the team |
| Sibling Ratios | -can be protective as well as distractive factor in family functioning -very large families are a problem when children have to commit to child labor and forfeit an education -largest families frequently found in poorest circumstances |
| Birth order | -matter in terms of parental resources -larger the family--> more divided the resources, resources can grow as a result of sibling participation |
| Reasons single parent families are created | single by choice, single by death of a partner, single post-divorce |
| What is the most common reason for single-parent family? | single by choice |
| Single-Child Families | -gaining dominance, only children are deprived of valuable family connections, only child is increasing |
| Alfred Adler stated on birth order that being an only child could have detrimental effects on aspects of | personality development, presenting in adulthood as lack of life skills |
| What is a popular stereotype in only children? | they are over-indulged and their every whim catered to, presenting in permissive parenting |
| What is the "4-2-1" ratio? | -denotes participants in intergenerational family; 4 grandparents, 2 parents focused on 1 child |
| What are negative outcomes to single-child families? | stress and coping difficulties if demands are high and unbalanced -only children may benefit from learning to negotiate, share resources, and manage conflict -having trusted friends outside nuclear family may add resilience |
| Multiples (Twins) | face greater parental distress and may require additional support -twins who are identical have a different experience than fraternal twins |
| Single by choice | majority are women, 80% |
| single after death of a partner | become part of blended families -1/4 of children will react with associated mental health problems after death of parent or sibling |
| single post-divorce | increase rate in large numbers of binuclear or single-parent families -children are members of 2 separate households -one of the most difficult processes a family system can experience |
| Parental adaptation following divorce | -adult needs to be aware of changes: facing reality, physical separation, family reorganization, family redefinition -relationship transformed in several ways: visitation rights, sharing info. about 1 parent with the other, mindful of children's reaction |
| As new family system evolves, single-parent mothers shift to more | authoritative styles |
| Mother increases relies on | child for emotional support and assigns her much of the missing adult partner's responsibility, as a result, child forced into interaction patterns that call for developmental majority |
| Children experience 3 stages of grief | Initial, Transition, Restabilization |
| Initial Stage | occurs after parents inform child of divorce. Increase levels of stress, aggressive conflict, and unhappiness increases |
| Transition stage | 1 year after separation and lasts up to 3 years. Emotions normalize, restricting process and establishing visitation routines |
| Restabilization stage | occurs about 5 years after separation, when single-parent or blended family is more stable |
| Several factors appear to influence course of child's adjustment to family crisis | Gender and age--->driving factor Adult's use of available social support network to help adjust cultural attitudes |
| The Family Law Section of the Bar Association | -awarded to one or both parents according to best interest of the child -if child old enough, wishes concerning custody should be considered in court -reasonable visitation rights awarded to noncustodial parent |
| Children should not fight parental battles | should shelter the child, not involve them -should not take sides |
| Joint custody (advantages) | more contact between ex-spouses -father's cooperation in meeting financial-support agreement -sharing of child-care responsibilities -greater access to constructive interactions between children and parents |
| Joint Custody (challenges) | expensive -requires connection between ex-spouses that requires maturity and tolerance -maintain civil discussions -constrains on relocation to another state -split living arrangments |
| Post-divorce conflict: noncustodial father's resentment, anger, and frustration in dealing with | no-win situation |
| 3 types of games serve as unhealthy ways to express unpleasant feelings associated with divorce | -Discanting:making negative comments. Children feels this applies to them because they are 1/2 of each parent -Messenger or go between -ISPY: use children as source of info. about other parent |
| Single-Parent Families Headed by Mothers | -majority either never married or divorced -more economic and related employment difficulties -poverty-level existences -role strain |
| Single-Parent Families Headed by Fathers | -increase family system -earn higher incomes, influencing quality of life -more likely to live with father are male children -men assume custodial parenting to feel capable and motivated, when mother shows no desire -role strain |
| Trends in single-parent households run by father | -non involve children in tasks in effort to prove their own competence -may attempt to ease the transition and tensions that children experience -demand more independence from children -shift away from authoritarian to authoritative -better health |
| Skipped Generation Parenting | grandparents step in for their own children, and take over parental roles for their grandchildren |
| The Role of Grandparents | -role is part time and less demanding -may act as family caretaker -may provide nurture to all family members -serve as family historians -women more involved |
| Caring for Aging Parents | increase life expectancy means that people may experience more health problems and have an inadequate pension -ethnic minorities tend to provide more care-in home for their elderly parents -female adult children are more frequently the caregivers |
| Most adult-child caregivers are middle-aged, | married, parents themselves, and working full time |
| Eldercare | providing emotional support services, and financial assistance to the elderly -many rely on siblings |
| Elder Abuse | excessive caregiver stress leads to emotional, physical, and/or verbal acting out |
| How to decrease Elder Abuse | -encouraging men to become as involved as women -involving broader community support -providing more funding for programs to educate -making financially manageable through tax credits and other incentives |
| Fragile Families | -considered as this because of economic, health, psychological or social factors -"liable to break" may become dysfunctional |
| Effects on Children of Fragile Families | tend to promise less stability and continuity -outcomes less advantageous |
| Protective Factors for Families | -parental resources -parental mental health -parenting quality -father involvement -family stability: a stable married parental dyad |
| Phases in Family Functioning | -Crises -Disorganization -Recovery -Reorganization |
| ABC-X Model | -represents a family systems interpretation of how stressor events influence the system's reactions A-stressor event B-resources available to the family C-the family's perceptions of the stressor X-the likelihood of a crises |
| Effective Ways Parents should handle grief to children | -learning what death means, explains how it is different than sleep -should be encouraged to participate in funeral rituals -emotionally adjust to their new environment -involve them in memorial activities -utilize play |
| Implications for Children for Substance Abuse | -parent pretends substance-related or addictive disorder does not exist -problem becomes a family secret (implies children wont seek help) -children think they should be perfect -children may exhibit their own set of problems |
| Non-accidental trauma | trauma that is willfully inflicted. Victims are defenseless children |
| Maltreatment and abuse delineate 4 areas of cruelty to children | 1.Physical 2. Sexual 3.Emotional 4. Neglect (parental negligence) |
| What are the models of family violence? | 1. Psychiatric 2. Ecological 3. Sociological 4. Social Psychological 5. Patriarchy 6. The Exchange/Social control 7. Info-processing approach |
| A cycle of violence can be manifested in 2 ways | 1. Individuals who experienced violence in family of origin 2. a 3-phase sequence in expression of violent behavior begins with increased tension, loss of control accompanied by violent behavior, and a reconciliation period of regret and forgiveness |
| Several psychosocial variables that are related to the incidence and variety of violent behaviors expressed in families | -socioeconomic status -stress: closely related to domestic violence -social isolation from other families -intergenerational trauma -family form -substance abuse |
| Substance abuse or alcohol play a role in | 50-90% of cases of physical abuse |
| Physical and emotional neglect is the | most frequently reported type of maltreatment -75% case in U.S |
| Parents who physically abuse children are | not aware what they are doing is wrong and harmful |
| Parents who emotionally abuse experience | low self-esteem |
| Sexual abuse by a parent is | most frequent, occurring in more than 80% of reported abuse cases |
| Characteristics of an abusive parent | unhappy childhood, parents failed to model good parenting, socially isolated, low self-esteem, emotionally immature with a dependent, sees little joy in life, supports physical punishment, minimal nurturing behaviors, authoritarian parenting, |
| Characteristics of Blended Families | -Repartnering and Remarriage -cohabitation and remarriage -solidifying stepfamily bonds |
| Several characteristics of blended families distinguish them from 1st-marriage families | 1. a new family system is created instantaneously 2. there is new lifespan tasks and goals 3. ex-spouses and ex-grandparents continue to be part of family 4. children and adults have mixed feeling 5. children may not participate 6. role confusion |
| Blended Family Formation | -merging diff. family cultures and identities establishes roles and patterns -establishing new bonds of loyalty -major consequence is dismantling of the usual generational boundaries between adults and children |
| In blended family systems, there are 2 coparenting dyads | 1. biological parents, who have to find ways to coparent successfully from binuclear households 2. the 2 persons fulfilling parental roles within the blended family (biological parent and stepparent) |
| Challenges and Adjustments to Coparenting | 1. giving up unrealistic expectations 2. clarifying the feelings and needs of each family member 3. committing to new rules, roles, boundaries, and routines |
| Intergeneration families | changing demographic patterns include dual-career, single-parent, adolescent parent, and deployed military family structures, serve as incentive to access temporary or permanent intergenerational support systems. |
| Challenges of Intergenerational Families | -require ongoing adaptation and change to function optimally -each generation in the family model has its own anticipated life span, typically 20-30yrs. apart -when 4th or youngest generation is born, the oldest may deal with end of life challenges |
| Latino Families | more likely to have 3 generations living under one roof |
| African Families | have strong intergenerational cohesion |
| Migrant Families | leave their young children with grandparents in country of origin while trying to establish their own futures in an adopted homeland to which they immigrate |
| Immigrant Families | the family system can become part of the support that enable parents to seek employment, with grandparents taking over child rearing roles -youngest generation: is accultured most rapidly, become the metaphorical translators for the family. |
| No difference found in terms of parenting practices between | heterosexual and same-sex adopting couples |
| In 2015, the U.S rules | same-sex marriage to be legalized nationwide |
| Environmental factors are the sole cause of a | homosexual orientation |
| Queer Theory | tries to normalize the connotation of the concept of homosexuality by stating that it is not an opposite or another variant of heterosexuality |
| Gay men are at higher risk for suicide, top 3 reasons | social and interpersonal reasons, love and relationship problems, and difficulty in accepting one's sexual orientation |
| Parent-child relations in same-sex couples: Fatherhood and Men Who Are Gay | challenges: identity issues, acceptance of self, acceptance of other men who are gay, custody concerns -integrative sanctioning: involves man's disclosure of being gay and identity to non-gay's and identity as father to gay -come out at later ages |
| Parent-Child Relations in Same Sex Couple: Lesbian | -similar to fathers who are gay -other lesbians use artificial insemination -many states dont permit the names of 2 women on birth certificates |
| Children of Same Sex Parents | -do not differ from other children in identity, gender-role, cognitive or behavioral functioning -live in family systems with matching diverse parenting experiences |
| 4 principal issues are relevant to children of mothers who are lesbian | 1. Dealing with parent's disclosure of her sexual orientation 2. Dealing with the uniqueness of having lesbian parents 3. Coping with custody concerns 4. Dealing with reactions of others |
| Sons are more accepting than daughters when mom | establishes a lesbian partnership |
| More accepting and relaxed mom is about her sexuality | the more accepting child will be |
| Gender-Equal Behavior | one of the advantages that fathers who are gay offer to children is the modeling of this -fathers who are gay can combine both emotional expressiveness and goal instrumental behaviors |
| Couples in which one or both persons are gender equal have | higher levels of satisfaction, divide decision making equally, de-emphasize the use of power by either partner in relationship |
| Challenges for Parents Identifying as LGBT | -age of the children at time of disclosure may affect their reaction -children may have difficulty relating to peers once it has been disclosed that their parents identify as LGBT |
| Risk and Resilience Model | In an ecological and systemic model, the different levels interact in a bidirectional and a dynamic manner |
| Risk factor | relates to any event, condition, or experience that increase the probability that a problem will be formed, maintained, or exacerbated |
| Protective factors act as buffers; they stand between the youth or the family and adversity, 3 steps | -reduce whatever will cause the impact -interrupt the chain of risk -prevent or block the factors that will cause the harm |
| What is resilience? | Masten, describes it as a process, that engages personality traits, personal resources, and other aspects from the larger ecological systems |
| Enhancing Individual Resilience | Education is a powerful driver of development and is one of the strongest instruments for reducing poverty and improving health, gender, equality, peace and stability |
| Enhancing Family Resilience | -the factor that best predicts marital success is a level of education -fathers most visiblity involved in their families -to maintain stability in the family unit, access to family support is an important strategy |
| Siblings can be a stabilizing factor for children | -become the reference group -represent the family of origin and there normally is cohesiveness -learn to share and empathize with the needs of younger siblings |
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