Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
2_2_Prelims - Histo
THE CELL AND CYTOPLASM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| • Specialized structures in cells that perform specific functions • Example: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes | Organelles |
| • Jelly-like substance that holds organelles | Cytoplasm |
| • Also termed the plasma membrane • A structure that encloses the cytoplasm • The outer most component of a cell. • It forms a boundary between material in inside the cell and the outside • It acts as a selective barrier. | Cell membrane |
| - Looked at a piece of cork under a microscope. - He called the chambers he saw as cells | Robert Hooke, 1665 |
| - Studied organisms found in pond water. - He called the organism animalcules | Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1665-75 |
| - Summarized the findings of many scientists and concluded that all living organisms are made of cells. This formed the basis of the Cell Theory of Biology | Schleiden and Schwann, 1830 |
| Inside the cell | Intracellular |
| Outside the cell | Extracellular |
| The model used to describe the cell membrane structure. | Fluid-mosaic model |
| contains phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates | Cell membrane |
| forms a bilayer | Phospholipids |
| Phospholipids contain 2 regions: | Polar and Nonpolar |
| In phospholipid molecule polar head region is the? | hydrophilic |
| In phospholipid molecule nonpolar tail is the? | hydrophobic |
| is exposed to water around the membrane. | polar region |
| is facing the interior of the membrane. | nonpolar region |
| -is a large organelle usually located near the center of the cell -bounded by a nuclear envelope, which consists of outer and inner membranes with a narrow space between them | Nucleus |
| contains nuclear pores, through which materials can pass into or out of the nucleus. | nuclear membrane |
| The nuclei of human cells contain 1. __ pairs of chromosomes which consist of 2. ___ and 3. ________ . | 1. 23 2. DNA 3. proteins |
| During most of a cell’s life, the chromosomes are loosely coiled and collectively called? | Chromatin |
| When a cell prepares to 1. ______, the chromosomes become 2. _______ ______ and are 3. _______ when viewed with a microscope. | 1. Divide 2. tightly coiled 3. visible |
| are diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane that are found within the nucleus. | Nucleoli |
| The subunits of ribosomes, a type of cytoplasmic organelle, are formed within a _________. | Nucleolus |
| These ribosomal components exit the nucleus through _______ _____ | Nuclear pores |
| - components are produced in the nucleolus. - are the organelles where proteins are produced. | Ribosome |
| ribosomes may be attached to other organelles such as the? | endoplasmic reticulum |
| Ribosomes that are not attached to any other organelle are called? | free ribosomes |
| is a series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm. | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
| is involved in protein synthesis and is rough due to attached ribosomes. | rough ER |
| has no attached ribosomes and is a site for lipid synthesis, cellular detoxification, and it stores calcium ions in skeletal muscle cells. | smooth ER |
| consists of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs. | golgi apparatus (golgi complex) |
| - It collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by the ER. - forms vesicles, some of which are secretory vesicles, lysosomes, and other vesicles | golgi apparatus |
| - are membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi apparatus. - They contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems. | lysosomes |
| Vesicles formed by 1. ___________ may fuse with lysosomes in order to breakdown materials in the 2. ___________ ________. | 1. endocytosis 2. endocytotic vesicles |
| are small, membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 | peroxisomes |
| is a by-product of fatty acid and amino acid breakdown and can be toxic to a cell. | hydrogen peroxide |
| also contain the enzyme catalase, which eliminates excess hydrogen peroxide by breaking it down into water and oxygen molecules | peroxisomes |
| - are small organelles responsible for producing considerable amounts of ATP by aerobic (with O2) metabolism. -have inner and outer membranes separated by a space | mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) |
| in mitochondria, the outer membranes have a 1. ______ _______, but the inner membranes have numerous folds, called 2. _______, which project into the interior of the mitochondria | 1. smooth contour 2. cristae |
| in mitochondria, the material within the inner membrane is the 1. _____________ ______ and contains 2. _______ and 3. _____ | 1. mitochondrial matrix 2. enzymes 3. mtDNA |
| Cells with a _____ energy requirement have more mitochondria than cells that require less energy. | large |
| - gives internal framework to the cell. - It consists of protein structures that support the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape. | cytoskeleton |
| the protein structures in cytoskeleton are? | microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
| - are hollow structures formed from protein subunits - determine cell shape and function in intracellular movement of organelles and secretory granules and form spindles that guide the movement of chromosomes during cell division or mitosis | microtubules |
| The microtubules perform a variety of roles, including 1. _______ to support the cytoplasm of cells, 2. _________ in cell division, and forming essential components of certain organelles, such as 3. _____ and 4. ________ | 1. helping 2. assisting 3. cilia 4. flagella |
| - are small fibrils formed from protein subunits that structurally support the cytoplasm, determining cell shape. - involved with cell movement. - enable the cells to shorten, or contract. | microfilaments |
| - are fibrils formed from protein subunits that are smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger in diameter than microfilaments. -provide mechanical support to the cell. | intermediate filaments |
| It is a specific type of intermediate filament that is a protein associated with skin cells | keratin |
| is a specialized area of cytoplasm close to the nucleus where microtubule formation occurs. | centrosome |
| it contains two centrioles | centrosome |
| - is a small, cylindrical organelle composed of microtubules. -involved in the process of mitosis. | centriole |
| -project from the surface of certain cells. -responsible for the movement of materials over the top of cells, such as mucus. -are cylindrical structures that extend from the cell and are composed of microtubules | cillia |
| have a structure similar to that of cilia but are much longer, and they usually occur only one per cell. | flagella |
| Sperm cells each have 1. ___ flagellum, which propels the sperm cell. | one |
| - are specialized extensions of the cell membrane that are supported by microfilaments. -do not actively move as cilia and flagella do. - are numerous on cells that have them and they increase the surface area of those cells. | microvilli |
| first gap | G1 |
| DNA synthesis | S |
| second gap | G2 |
| mitosis | M |
| division of the cytoplasm | cytokinesis |
| During growth and development, cell division occurs to 1. ________ the number of cells or 2. _______ damaged or dying ones. | 1. increase 2. replace |
| The cell cycle includes two major phases: | nondividing - interphase cell dividing - mitosis |
| During interphase, the 1. ___ (located in chromosomes in the cell’s nucleus) is replicated. | DNA |
| Each human cell (except sperm and egg) contains 1. __ pairs of chromosomes, a total of 2. __. | 1. 23 2. 46 |
| The sperm and egg contain __ chromosomes total. | 23 |
| One pair of chromosomes are the 1. ___ chromosomes, which consist of 2. ___ _ chromosomes if the person is a female, or an 3. ___ chromosome if the person is a male. | 1. sex 2. two X 3. X and Y |
| Any cell in the body except the reproductive cell. | somatic cell |
| A cell that gives rise to reproductive cell. | germ cell (gamete) |
| Chromosomes are usually in pairs, thus their nuclei are called: | diploid |
| Consists of one set of chromosome, thus their nuclei are called: | haploid |
| MITOSIS (Two daughter cells) | somatic cell |
| MEIOSIS (Four daughter cells) | germ cell (gamete) |
| Examples: Skin, blood, muscle cells | somatic cell |
| Examples: Sperm and ova (Gametes) | germ cell |
| - not replaced when damaged - nerve cells - muscle cells | permanent cells |
| - can be replaced when damaged - liver cells | stable cells |
| - constantly being replaced - skin - gastrointestinal organ - blood cells | renewing cells |
| is a process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells developing from a single parent cell. | mitosis |
| the division of a germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and giving rise to four gametes, or sex cells, each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. | meiosis |
| involves formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell. | mitosis |
| Mitosis is divided into four phases: | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
| • Is the “resting” or non-mitotic portion of the cell cycle. • It is comprised of G1, S, and G2 stages of the cell cycle. | interphase |
| • DNAis replicated during the 1. __ phase of 2. __________ . | 1. S phase 2. interphase |
| During _______ the chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes. | prophase |
| • Microtubules, termed spindle fibers, form to assist in breaking the centromere between the chromatids and move the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell (“the poles”). • The nuclear membrane dissolves. | prophase |
| During _________ , the centrioles complete their migration to the poles | metaphase |
| • the chromosomes align near the center of the cell (“the equator”). • The movement of the chromosomes is regulated by the attached spindle fibers. | metaphase |
| At the beginning of ________ , the chromatids separate and each chromatid is called a chromosome. | anaphase |
| • Each of the two sets of 46 chromosomes is moved by the spindle fibers toward the centriole at one of the poles of the cell. • At the end of anaphase, chromosomes has reached an opposite pole of the cell, and the cytoplasm begins to divide. | anaphase |
| During ________ , the chromosomes in each of the daughter cells become organized to form two separate nuclei, one in each newly formed daughter cell. | telophase |
| • The chromosomes begin to unravel and resemble the genetic material during interphase. • Following telophase, cytoplasm division is completed, and two separate daughter cells are produced. | telophase |
| • The chromosomes condense and become visible; • The centrioles form and move toward the poles; • The nuclear membrane begins to dissolve; • The homologs pair up, forming tetrad; • crossing over (XO). | prophase I |
| • Microtubules grow from the centrioles and attach to the centromeres; • The tetrads line up along the cell equator. | metaphase I |
| • The centromeres break and homologous chromosomes separate (note that the sister chromatids are still attached); • Cytokinesis begins. | anaphase I |
| • Centrioles form and move toward the poles; • The nuclear membrane dissolves. | prophase II |
| • Microtubules grow from the centrioles and attach to the centromeres; • The sister chromatids line up along the cell equator. | metaphase II |
| • The centromeres break and sister chromatids separate; • Cytokinesis begins. | anaphase II |
| • The chromosomes may decondense (depends on species); • Cytokinesis reaches completion, creating two haploid daughter cells. | telophase I |
| • The chromosomes may decondense (depends on species); • Cytokinesis reaches completion, creating four haploid daughter cells. | telophase II |
| - sexual - different - yes mixing of chromosomes can occur | meiosis |
| - asexual - identical - no crossing over cannot occur | mitosis |
| A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes, producing two haploid cells. | meiosis |
| A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in each resulting diploid cell. | mitosis |
| Genetic diversity through sexual reproduction. | meiosis |
| Cellular reproduction and general growth and repair of the body. | mitosis |
| - 2 division - 4 haploid cells - chromosomes reduced by half | meiosis |
| - 1 division - 2 diploid cells - chromosome number remains the same | mitosis |
| reproductive cells only | meiosis |
| all proliferating cells | mitosis |
| P1, M1, A1, T1 P2, M2, A2, T2 | meiosis |
| P, M, A, T | mitosis |
| - e.g. bacteria, archaea - smaller - no true nucleus - DNA circular - RNA/ Protein synthesis - cytoplasm - no mitochondria | prokaryotes |
| - e.g. fungi, plants, animals - larger - with true nucleus - DNA Linear - RNA Synthesis - nucleus; Protein synthesis - cytoplasm - mitochondria present | eukaryotes |
| - binary fission - single chromosome - unicellular cell type | prokaryotes |
| - mitosis and meiosis - more than one chromosomes - usually multicellular cell type | eukaryotes |
Created by:
rhaulline