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2_2_Prelims - Histo
INTRO TO HISTOLOGY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of the tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs | Histology |
| It refers to the study of the tissue in order to study the manifestation of the disease | Histopathology |
| Involves processing of tissue to be able to study them under the microscope | Histotechnology |
| Two interacting components of tissues: | Cells and Extracellular matrix (ECM) |
| Supports the cell and contains the fluid transporting nutrients to the cells, and carrying away their waste and secretory products | ECM |
| - Thin flat slices of fixed and stained tissues or organs mounted on glassslides - Most common procedure used in histologic research | Histologic sections |
| Plane of section that cuts in the midline | Longitudinal |
| Plane that intersects the longitudinal axis at right angle | Transverse |
| Graze or only pass through the outermost periphery | Tangential |
| Neither longitudinal or transverse | Oblique |
| Small pieces of tissue are placed in solutions of chemicals that cross-link proteins and inactivate degradative enzymes, which preserves cell and tissue structure. | Fixation |
| The tissue is transferred through a series of increasingly concentrated alcohol solutions, ending in 100%, which removes all water. | Dehydration |
| Alcohol is removed in organic solvents in which both alcohol and paraffin are miscible. | Clearing |
| The tissue is then placed in melted paraffin until it becomes completely infiltrated with this substance. | Infiltration |
| The paraffin-infiltrated tissue is placed in a small mold with melted paraffin and allowed to harden. | Embedding |
| The resulting paraffin block is trimmed to expose the tissue for sectioning (slicing) on a microtome. | Trimming |
| Uses a device called microtome and can cut tissues into sections 1 to 10 micrometers thick. | Sectioning |
| Thin sections are mounted upon glass slides. | Mounting |
| Process that permit distinctions of tissue components. | Staining |
| • Basic dye • Stains the acidic parts of cells • Gives off a blue color • Stains nucleus and rough endoplasmic reticulum | Hematoxylin |
| • Acidic dye • Stains the basic part of cells • Gives off a pink color • Stains the cytoplasm, mitochondria and lysosome | Eosin |
| • Nuclei stain black or blue black • Muscles stain red • Collagen and mucus stain green or blue • Cytoplasm of most cells stains pink | Masson’s Trichrome Stain |
| • Glycogen stains deep red or magenta | Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction (PAS) |
| • Elastic fibers stain jet black • Nuclei stain gray • Remaining structures stain pink | Verhoeff ’s Stain for Elastic Tissue |
| • Erythrocytes stain red-orange • Cytoplasm of liver and kidney stains pink • Nuclei stain red • Fibrous connective tissue, mucus, and hyaline cartilage stain deep blue | Mallory-Azan Stain |
| • Erythrocyte cytoplasm stains pink • Lymphocyte n - dark purple-blue with pale blue cytoplasm • Neutrophil n - dark blue • Eosinophil n - dark blue and the granules stain bright pink • Monocyte cyto - pale blue and nucleus stains medium blue | Wright’s or Giemsa’s Stain |
| • Myelinated and unmyelinated fibers and neurofibrils stain blueblack • General background is nearly colorless • Astrocytes stain black • Depending on the methods used, the end product can stain black, brown, or gold | Cajal’s and Del Rio Hortega’s Methods (Silver and Gold Methods) |
| • Lipids in general stain black • Lipids in myelin sheath of nerves stain black | Osmic Acid (Osmium Tetroxide) Stain |
| Stained tissue is examined with ordinary light passing through the preparation | Bright-field microscope |
| The conversion of a stained tissue preparation to high-resolution digital images and permits study of tissues using a computer or other digital device, without an actual stained slide or a microscope. | Virtual microscopy |
| Tissue sections are usually irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light and the emission is in the visible portion of the spectrum. | Fluorescence microscopy |
| Produces visible images from transparent objects and can be used with living, cultured cells. Unstained cells and tissue sections, which are usually transparent and colorless, can be studied with these modified light microscopes. | Phase-contrast microscopy |
| A modification of phase-contrast microscopy with Nomarski optics, which produces an image of living cells with a more apparent three-dimensional (3D) aspect. | Differential interference microscopy |
| Achieves high resolution and sharp focus by using (1) a small point of high-intensity light, often from a laser, and (2) a plate with a pinhole aperture in front of the image detector. | Confocal microscopy |
| Allows the recognition of stained or unstained structures made of highly organized subunits. | Polarizing microscopy |
| A beam of electrons focused using electromagnetic “lenses” passes through the tissue section to produce an image with black, white, and intermediate shades of gray regions. | Transmission electron microscope (TEM) |
| Provides a high resolution view of the surfaces of cells, tissues, and organs. Like the TEM, this microscope produces and focuses a very narrow beam of electrons, but in this instrument the beam does not pass through the specimen. | Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) |
| Magnifies the primary image formed by the objective lens | EYEPIECE (OCULAR LENS) |
| Designed to hold objective lenses permitting changes of magnification by rotating different powered objective lenses into optical path. | NOSEPIECE (REVOLVING TURRET) |
| Main support for microscope components. | ARM |
| Two locked-on clips hold specimen slide in place on stage. | STAGE CLIPS |
| Large knobs located on each side of arm, raise or lower stage to bring specimen image into focus. | COARSE FOCUSING KNOBS |
| Smaller knobs, located close to the coarse focusing knobs, permit more precise adjustment of the image. | FINE FOCUSING KNOBS |
| Allows the user to move the side in the X or Y axis direction. | MECHANICAL STAGE ADJUSTMENT KNOB |
| Housing and platform of the instrument to which the arm is attached in addition it usually contains an illumination system for the microscope. | BASE |
| Provides adjustable current voltage for the light source. The intensity of the light is adjusted by turning this knob. | VOLTAGE REGULATOR |
| The lightsource for a microscope | ILLUMINATOR |
| It is designed to help achieve optimum resolution of the objective lens. | DIAPHRAGM |
| Condenses light rays from sub stage illumination and fills the back element of objective lens to improve image resolution. | CONDENSER |
| Platform of the microscope where the specimen slide is placed, it permits precise, mechanical manipulation of the specimen slide | MECHANICAL STAGE |
| Lens closest to the object being viewed, forms first image of the specimen. | OBJECTIVE LENS |
| Adjustable eyepiece diopter permits focusing adjustment of image for any difference in vision between users eyes. | DIOPTER ADJUSTMENT |
| Daylight blue filter designed to make incandescent illumination appear white | FILTER |
| The switch that turns the illuminator on and off. | POWER SWITCH |
Created by:
rhaulline