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Bio Test 8/9/10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Photosynthesis- Chemical Formula? what are the parts of the process? | plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy. (in chloroplasts) 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ light reaction (thylakoid membrane) /Calvin cycle (stroma) |
| chloroplasts evolution and how it connects to photosynthesis | Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and likely evolved from photosynthetic bacteria The structural organization of these cells allows for the chemical reactions of photosynthesis |
| stomata | CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores |
| thylakoids | store chlorophyll, organized in stacks called grana. The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the grana. |
| stroma | a dense interior fluid similar to matrix of mitochondria, where the Calvin cycle takes place |
| how is photosynthesis a redox reaction | Light energy energizes electrons, driving the splitting of water and releasing oxygen as a byproduct. These electrons (from water) are used to reduce CO2, forming the carbohydrate product during the Calvin cycle. |
| chloroplasts | primary site of photosynthesis, functioning as the "food producers" for nearly all life on Earth. |
| pigments | - substances that absorb visible light - Different pigments absorb different wavelengths - Wavelengths that are not absorbed are reflected or transmitted (Leaves appear green because chlorophyll reflects and transmits green light) |
| photosystem | a multi-protein complex embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy. photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII), |
| primary electron acceptor | located within the reaction center of a photosystem that captures an electron that has been energized by light absorption. prevents the electron's energy from being wasted/ crucial in converting solar energy into chemical energy, initiating the ETC |
| linear electron flow | the primary pathway, involves both photosystems, (straight line) ATP, O2 and NADPH produced goal is to provide both energy carriers (ATP and NADPH) for the Calvin cycle |
| cyclic electron flow | uses only photosystem I, produces ATP only generates surplus ATP, satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle |
| how do chloroplast generate ATP | through a process called chemiosmosis during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. creates a proton gradient that powers ATP synthase |
| How is the Spatial organization of chemiosmosis different and similar between chloroplasts and mitochondria? | Mitochondria - protons are from matrix to the intermembrane space. Chloroplasts - protons are pumped from the stroma into lumen Both use ATP synthase to make ATP |
| 3 phases of the calvin cycle | Carbon fixation Reduction Regeneration |
| photorespiration | only occurs when there's not enough CO2, C3 Plants – is a wasteful pathway that occurs when the Calvin cycle enzyme rubisco acts on O2 rather than CO2. |
| c4 plants | minimize photorespiration by taking in CO2, and making a 4 carbon molecule out of it, will move it to vascular bundle cless and introduce CO2 into Calvin cycle. |
| CAM plants | open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle |
| Fermentation | partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2, yields some ATP |
| Oxidation | a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized (LEO) |
| reduction | a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced) (GER) |
| reducing agent | electron donor (loses electron) |
| oxidizing agent | electron acceptor (strips e- from a molecule) |
| Electron carriers | shuttle H atoms (electrons) NAD+(a coenzyme) carries electrons from food to ETC FAD+2 is another electron carriLifeguard 2 modules, drivers ed 1 chapterer Both function as an oxidizing agent (strips electrons from other molecules) |
| cellular respiration, formula and stages | glycolysis, intermediate reactions, citric acid (krebs) cycle, ETC C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O occurs in mitochondria |
| alcoholic fermentation | In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing CO2 |
| feedback inhibition | most common mechanism for control If ATP concentration drops, respiration speeds up; when there is plenty of ATP, respiration slows down |
| ∆G | ∆G - the change in free energy during a process / reaction |
| what is the Gibbs free energy change formula/ what it means | ∆G = ∆H – T∆S energy available to do work |
| spontaneous reactions | when they have a negative ∆ G release energy exergonic |
| Free energy | a measure of a system’s instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state During a spontaneous change, free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases Equilibrium is a state of maximum stability |
| exergonic reactions | proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous |
| endergonic reactions | absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous |
| energy coupling | the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic ones Most energy coupling in cells is mediated by ATP |
| Hydrolysis | breaks bonds between phosphate groups |
| cofactors/co enzyme | non-protein enzyme helpers, can bind to the enzyme as permanent residents or loosely. |
| competitive inhibitors | bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate |
| noncompetitive inhibitors | bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective |
| allosteric regulation | either inhibits or stimulates an enzyme’s activity when a molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the protein’s function at another activator stabilizes the active form of the enzyme inhibitor stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme |
| cooperativity | a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity binding of one substrate to active site of one subunit, it locks all subunits in active conformation |
| feedback inhibition | the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources by synthesizing more product than is needed |
| Nonspontaneous reactions | positive ∆ G absorb energy endergonic |
| ∆H | change in enthalpy positive H= energy going up negative H= energy going down |
| T∆S what does it stand for | T- temp in Calvin, S- change in entropy positive S= more disorder negative S= less disorder |
| entropy | a measure of disorder or randomness |
| enthalpy | the total heat content of a system, showing if biological reactions release heat (exothermic, negative H) or absorb it (endothermic, positive H) |
| what does when S is +/- mean in the Gibbs free energy formula | + 🡪 more disorder - 🡪less disorder |
| examples of Monosaccharides | glucose, fructose, galactose |
| examples of Disaccharides | sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| examples of a Polysaccharide | starch |
| anabolic vs catabolic pathways | anabolic consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones catabolic release energy by breaking down complex macromolecules into simpler compounds |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | the energy of the universe is constant, energy can be transferred, or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
| relationship between wavelength and energy | the distance of a wavelength effects its amount of energy |
| what does It mean when DPIP turns colorless/ why did we use DPIP/ what will reduce dpip | DPIP was the NADH, turns clear when it gains electrons. electrons from the splitting of water will reduce dpip |
| what did each cuvette measure in the experiment of photosynthesis | 1. when there's no DPIP (zero out color of chloroplast) 2. in dark 3. in light 4. in light and when boiled 5. when no chloroplast, just light |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | during energy transformation, some is unusable and some is lost as heat |
| why do ATP bonds have more energy than other molecules | all 3 phosphate groups are negatively charged, the charged crowd together and their repulsion contributes to the instability of this regions (phosphate tail= compressed spring) |
| what is energy coupling, how it ATP utilized | use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one , transfers a phosphate groups from ATP to another molecule to do cellular work |
| activator of an enzyme | stabilizes the active form of the enzyme, can change active sites shape |
| allosteric inhibition | binds to enzymes allosteric site, altering shape of enzyme so active site can bind = no reaction |
| why do plants have 2 different types of chlorophyll and accessory pigments? | allows them to absorb a wider variety of wavelengths of light |
| vascular bundles | the plumbing system used to transport organic molecules from the leaf to other parts of the plant (like veins) |
| cytochrome complex | electrons from PSII move here and are used to transport protons into lumen and create a gradient, an electronic carrier receives them and passes them to PSI |
| germenation | the process by which a seed develops into a new plant |
| difference between fermentation and cellular respiration | fermentation- partial degradation of sugars cellular respiration - fully degrades sugars |
| why is the total number of ATP a range rather than a specific number | depends weather nadh or fad+ is used to carry to etc. |
| lactic acid fermentation | pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate, no co2 release, makes human muscles generate when O2 is scarce |
| etc functions | passes electrons in a series of steps instead of 1 explosive reaction. |
| facultative anerobe | can survive with/without oxygen |
| obligate anerobe | cant survive or grow without oxygen |
| explain how catabolic reactions (cellular respiration/ fermentation) are linked to anabolic reactions (biosynthesis) | they provide the ATP to fuel the anabolic reactions |
| phosphofructokinase/ role in cellular respiration | an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes conversion of fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate and regulates ATP production in glycolysis. (negative feedback) (atp= inhibitor) |
| what process is common to organisms that undergo cellular respiration and fermentation/ its evolutionary significance | glycolysis, ancient prokaryotes used it as their only way to make ATP when no oxygen was in the atmosphere and photosynthesis couldn't happen. |
| mitochondria vs chloroplast structures | intermembrane space vs thylakoid space inner membrane vs thylakoid membrane matrix vs stroma |
| how are electrons replaced in light reactions | ps2- splitting of water ps1- electrons from etc |
| summary of chromatography lab | to show how different pigments have different wavelength and different attractions to the paper and to the solvent. |
| summary of cellular respiration peas lab | respiration rates in germinating peas, non-germinating peas and glass beads. we also compared germinated vs non germinated rates of cellular respiration in room temp/soaked in cold water. Germinating RT = highest rate, Germinating peas cold water = 2nd . |
| summary of fermentation cellular respiration lab | test the rate of alcoholic fermentation using yeast/different sugars. test what sugars undergo fermentation/at what rates. glucose- highest, sucrose came close (similar shape). (yeast has enzyme specific to glucose) |
Created by:
Lilyhowes