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Bio unit 3(8/9/10)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Photosynthesis- Chemical Formula? what are processes? | 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ light reaction (thylakoid membrane) /Calvin cycle (stroma) |
| Chloroplast evolution | evolved from photosynthetic bacteria (endosymbiosis) structure (DNA/double membranes) supports photosynthesis |
| stomata | has microscopic pores that allow CO2 to enter and O2 to exit while regulating water loss |
| thylakoids | membrane sacs in chloroplasts containing chlorophyll where light dependent reactions occur. (stacks are called grana) |
| stroma | fluid filled space in chloroplasts where the calvin cycle takes place |
| how is photosynthesis a redox reaction | water is oxidized to o2 and co2 is reduced to glucose through electron transfer |
| chloroplasts function | site of photosynthesis, convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose) |
| pigments/role in photosynthesis | molecules that absorb light energy Different pigments absorb different wavelengths chlorophyll reflects green |
| photosystem | protein complex in the thylakoid membranes that captures light energy and excites elections (PS1/PS2) |
| primary electron acceptor | accepts energized electrons from chlorophyll and starts the electron transport chain. |
| linear electron flow | the primary pathway, involves both photosystems, (straight line) ATP, O2 and NADPH produced goal is to provide both energy carriers (ATP and NADPH) for the Calvin cycle |
| cyclic electron flow | uses only photosystem I, produces ATP only generates surplus ATP |
| how do chloroplast generate ATP | through chemiosmosis during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. creates a proton gradient that powers ATP synthase to produce ATP |
| How is the Spatial organization of chemiosmosis different and similar between chloroplasts and mitochondria? | Mitochondria - protons are from matrix to the intermembrane space. Chloroplasts - protons are pumped from the stroma into thylakoid lumen in both, elections flow through ATP synthase to make ATP |
| 3 phases of the calvin cycle | Carbon fixation Reduction Regeneration |
| photorespiration | C3 Plants –occurs when the Calvin cycle enzyme rubisco binds to O2 rather than CO2, reducing efficiency and wasting energy. |
| c4 plants | minimizes photorespiration takes in CO2, and fixes it into 4 carbon compounds, and will move it to vascular bundle cells for the Calvin cycle. |
| CAM plants | open their stomata at night, store co2 and use it during the day for photosynthesis |
| Fermentation | anaerobic process that partially breaks down glucose to produce ATP without oxygen |
| Oxidation | loss of electrons (LEO) |
| reduction | gain of electrons (GER) |
| reducing agent | electron donor (loses electron) |
| oxidizing agent | electron acceptor (strips e- from a molecule) |
| Electron carriers | NAD+ and FAD carry electrons to the ETC Both function as an oxidizing agent (strips electrons from other molecules) |
| cellular respiration, formula and stages | glycolysis, intermediate reactions, citric acid (krebs) cycle, ETC C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O occurs in mitochondria |
| alcoholic fermentation | pyruvate is converted to ethanol/co2, regenerating NAD+ |
| feedback inhibition | when the end product of a pathway inhibits an earlier step to regulate production If ATP concentration drops, respiration speeds up; when there is plenty of ATP, respiration slows down |
| ∆G | the change in free energy during a reaction |
| what is the Gibbs free energy change formula/ what it means | ∆G = ∆H – T∆S energy available to do work |
| spontaneous reactions | when they have a negative ∆ G release energy exergonic |
| exergonic reactions | releases energy, negative G |
| endergonic reactions | requires energy, G is positive |
| energy coupling | using energy from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions usually via ATP |
| Hydrolysis | breaks bonds using water |
| cofactors/co enzyme | non-protein helpers, can bind to the enzyme as permanent residents or loosely, assist enzyme function |
| competitive inhibitors | bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate |
| noncompetitive inhibitors | bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective |
| allosteric regulation | molecule binds to enzyme and changes its activity (activate or inhibit) |
| cooperativity | binding of one substrate increases activity at other subunits. ex-substrate locks all subunits in active conformation |
| Nonspontaneous reactions | positive ∆ G, requires energy input endergonic |
| ∆H (+/-?) | change in enthalpy (heat) positive= absorbs heat negative= releases heat |
| T∆S what does it stand for | T- temp in Calvin, S- change in entropy (disorder) |
| entropy | a measure of disorder or randomness systems tend toward higher energy |
| enthalpy | the total heat content of a system |
| what does when S is +/- mean in the Gibbs free energy formula | + 🡪 more disorder - 🡪less disorder |
| examples of Monosaccharides | glucose, fructose, galactose |
| examples of Disaccharides | sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| examples of a Polysaccharide | starch/glycogen |
| anabolic vs catabolic pathways | anabolic -build molecules, requires energy catabolic - break molecules, release energy |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred or transformed |
| relationship between wavelength and energy | short wavelength- higher energy |
| what does It mean when DPIP turns colorless/ why did we use DPIP | DPIP was the NADH, turns colorless when its been reduced (gains electrons) indicating photosynthesis is occurring |
| what was the purpose of diff cuvettes in the photosynthesis experiment? | to compare effects of light, chloroplast presence and condition on photosynthesis rate |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | during energy transformation, some is unusable and some is lost as heat |
| why do ATP have high energy | phosphate groups repel each other, making bonds unstable and energy rich |
| activator of an enzyme | stabilizes the active form of the enzyme, |
| allosteric inhibition | molecule binds away from active site, changes enzyme shape, stopping function |
| why do plants have accessory pigments? | to absorb a wider range of light wavelengths |
| vascular bundles | transport system (xylem and phloem) that moves water and nutrients from the leaf to other parts of the plant (like veins) |
| cytochrome complex | transfers elections and pumps elections to create a proton gradient |
| germenation | the process by which a seed develops into a new plant |
| difference between fermentation and cellular respiration | fermentation- partial breakdown, no o2 cellular respiration - full breakdown using o2 |
| why is the total number of ATP a range rather than a specific number | depends on which electron carriers are used (nadh or fadh2) |
| lactic acid fermentation | pyruvate is made into lactate which regenerates nad+ occurs when o2 is low |
| etc functions | passes electrons in a series of steps to release energy and make atp |
| facultative anerobe | can survive with/without oxygen |
| obligate anerobe | cant survive or grow without oxygen |
| explain how catabolic reactions are linked to anabolic reactions | Catabolics provide ATP and building blocks for anabolic reactions |
| phosphofructokinase/ role in cellular respiration | a regulatory enzyme in glycolysis, inhibited by ATP (feedback control) |
| why is glycolysis considered evolutionary ancient | occurs in cytoplasm and doesn't require oxygen |
| mitochondria vs chloroplast structures | mito- matrix/inner memb chloro- stroma/thylakoids both- proton gradient used |
| how are electrons replaced in PS2 of light reactions | water is split to provide electrons |
| what does chromatography show | pigments differ in solubility and movement |
| what did the pea respiration lab show | Germinating seeds have higher respiration rates |
| what did the fermentation lab show | diff sugar ferment at different rates (glucose was fastest) |
| what's ATP made of | adenine ribose 3 phosphate groups |
| difference between substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation | substrate level- direct ATP formation oxidative - used etc and chemiosmosis |
| purpose of proton gradient | stores energy to make ATP via ATP synthase |
| 4 parts of cellular resp and where | glycolysis- cytoplasm pyruvate oxidation/intermediate reactions- matrix citric acid cycle/krebs cycle- matrix oxidative phosphorylation/etc/chemiosmosis- inner memb |
| glycolysis | glucose- 6 carbon molecule 2 pyruvate (3 carbon molecules) makes 4 ATP but uses 2, nad+ into nadph in end, 2 ATP and 2 nadh are produced |
| pyruvate oxidation/intermediate reactions | 2 pyruvate into 2 acetyl CO a 2 co2 exhaled makes 2 nadh (nad+ reduced) |
| citric acid cycle/krebs cycle | 2 acetyl CO a broken down 2 ATP, 6 nadh , 2 fadh2, 4 co2 exhaled |
| oxidative phosphorylation/etc/chemiosmosis | 26-28 ATP via chemiosmosis proton gradient/ATP synthase/etc conversion of the coenzymes into ATP NADH=2.5 ATP, 10 nadh= 25 atp fadh2- 1.5 atp, 2 fadh2= 3 atp |
| how much ATP is made in cellular respiration | 28-30 |
| light dependent reactions | light hits e- in ps2- excites them H20 splits= o2 byproduct/ e- e- pass through ETC, energy pumps H+ into lumen=H+ gradient= H+ flow through ATP synthase via diffusion= atp (ADP/p) light hits ps1, re-excites e-, nadp+ to NADPH NADPH/ATP move on |
| carbon fixation of Calvin cycle | nadph and ATP come 3 rubp and 3 co2 make 3- pga (6 carbon molecules) via enzyme rubisco |
| reduction of Calvin cycle | 3pga and NADPH and ATP make 6 g3p |
| regeneration of Calvin cycle | 1 g3p makes glucose 5 g3p go to reform rubp and restart cycle |
| 3 parts of Calvin cycle | fixation reduction regeneration |
| nadh/fadh differences | nadh produces more atp cause enters etc earlier |
| role of Nad+ and fad in cellular resp | Nad+ and fad are electron carriers in cellular resp that transport high energy electrons |
| function of mitochondria double membrane | to make proton gradient to make atp |
Created by:
Lilyhowes