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cognitive

TermDefinition
Biological approach View that cognition is influenced by brain structure, chemistry, and genetics.
Cognitive approach View that cognition is based on mental processes and mental representations.
Sociocultural approach View that cognition is shaped by social and cultural factors.
Epistemic divisions The three approaches are different ways of knowing, not separate realities.
Biological reductionism Explaining cognitive processes solely through biological mechanisms.
Moderate reductionism Integrating biological factors with cognitive and sociocultural explanations.
Holism / Non-reductionism Understanding behavior by considering multiple interacting factors.
Localization of function Specific brain regions are responsible for specific cognitive or behavioral functions.
Hippocampus Brain area responsible for memory formation and consolidation.
Amygdala Brain region involved in emotional processing and emotional memory.
Case study: HM Surgery removing hippocampus caused anterograde and partial retrograde amnesia.
Anterograde amnesia Inability to form new long-term memories.
Retrograde amnesia Inability to recall past memories before the event.
Declarative memory Memory of facts, events, and experiences.
Procedural memory Memory of motor skills and tasks that improves with practice.
HM significance Different types of memory are stored in different brain systems.
Brain scanning technology Allows researchers to study living brain structure and activity.
CT / CAT scan X-ray based 3D structural imaging; detects tissue and blood vessels.
CT strengths Quick, non-invasive, usable with implants.
CT limitations Radiation exposure, lower resolution than MRI.
MRI Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce high-resolution images of brain structure.
MRI strengths High detail without radiation.
MRI limitations Expensive, loud, unsafe for metal implants, claustrophobia.
fMRI Measures brain activity through blood oxygen changes (BOLD signal).
fMRI strengths High spatial resolution and non-invasive.
fMRI limitations Poor temporal resolution, sensitive to movement.
Voxel The smallest measurable unit of brain imaging; contains millions of neurons and synapses.
PET scan Uses radioactive tracer to detect regions of high metabolic activity.
PET strengths Good spatial resolution; useful for detecting disease.
PET limitations Low temporal resolution and involves radiation.
EEG Measures electrical activity from groups of neurons via scalp electrodes.
EEG strengths Perfect temporal resolution; low cost and mobile.
EEG limitations Poor spatial resolution; cannot detect deep brain activity.
Flashbulb memories Vivid long-lasting recollections of emotional events.
Sharot et al (2007) fMRI study showing amygdala activation when recalling 9/11 memories.
Sharot results Downtown participants showed stronger amygdala activity than Midtown.
Sharot conclusion Emotionally intense events produce biological changes in memory retrieval.
Sharot significance Demonstrates interaction of emotion and biological processes in memory.
Sharot limitations Correlational, small sample, limited generalization, influenced by location or media.
Biological measurement limitation Imaging shows where activity occurs, not why.
Spatial resolution How precisely brain location can be identified.
Temporal resolution How precisely timing of brain activity can be detected.
Biological bias Risk of oversimplifying behavior by only explaining through biology.
Interactionist view Cognition arises from interplay between biology, mind, and environment.
Ethical considerations Researchers must minimize harm and avoid invasive or unethical biological methods.
Created by: user-1970252
 

 



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