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thinkingandlearning

TermDefinition
Dual Process Model A theory suggesting humans use two types of thinking: fast (System 1) and slow (System 2).
System 1 thinking Fast, automatic, intuitive, uses heuristics, low effort.
System 2 thinking Slow, logical, conscious, analytical, high effort.
Heuristics Mental shortcuts used by System 1 for quick decisions.
Cognitive bias Systematic errors in thinking caused by reliance on heuristics.
Cognitive misers The idea that humans avoid using effortful thinking and conserve energy.
Cognitive load When the brain is processing too much and defaults to System 1.
Availability heuristic Judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind.
Representativeness heuristic Judging probability based on how much something fits a stereotype.
Anchoring bias Relying too heavily on the first piece of information received (the anchor).
Framing effect Decisions are influenced by how information is presented rather than what is said.
Mere exposure effect Preference for something simply because we are repeatedly exposed to it.
Confirmation bias Tendency to favor information that supports existing beliefs.
Anchoring bias study Ly et al. (2023) Doctors anchored on early info → slower diagnostic decisions.
Disfluency study Diemand-Yauman (2011) Hard-to-read fonts improved recall by triggering System 2.
Framing study Keysar (2012) Framing effect disappears when choices presented in second language.
Behaviorism Theory that behavior is shaped by environment through learning.
Operant conditioning Learning based on rewards and punishments.
Positive reinforcement Adding something good to increase a behavior.
Negative reinforcement Removing something bad to increase a behavior.
Positive punishment Adding something unpleasant to decrease a behavior.
Negative punishment Removing something desirable to decrease a behavior.
Shaping Reinforcing small steps toward a target behavior.
Extinction When behavior decreases because reinforcement stops.
Classical conditioning Learning through association between stimuli.
Unconditioned stimulus (US) Naturally produces response.
Unconditioned response (UR) Automatic response to US.
Neutral stimulus (NS) Stimulus that produces no reaction initially.
Conditioned stimulus (CS) Previously neutral, now triggers response.
Conditioned response (CR) Learned response to conditioned stimulus.
Acquisition The process of learning association between NS and US.
Generalization CR occurs to similar stimuli.
Extinction (Classical) CR disappears when CS repeatedly appears without US.
Spontaneous recovery Return of CR after extinction and rest.
Dual Process Model study Kahneman & Frederick (2002) bat and ball problem.
Anchoring study Tversky & Kahneman (1974) spinning wheel influenced estimates.
Availability heuristic study Tversky & Kahneman (1973) recall influences judgment.
Representativeness heuristic study Tversky & Kahneman (1972) Linda problem.
Framing effect study Tversky & Kahneman (1981) Asian disease scenario.
Mere Exposure study Zajonc (1968) repeated exposure increases liking.
Confirmation bias study Wason (1960) selection task.
Disfluency and thinking study Diemand-Yauman (2011) hard fonts activate system 2.
Second language reduces bias study Keysar (2012).
Cognitive Maps study Tolman (1948) rats learn maze using mental maps.
Operant conditioning study Skinner (1948) pigeon reinforcement.
Classical conditioning study Pavlov (1927) dogs salivate to bell.
Scripts study Bower, Black & Turner (1979) fill in missing story details.
Behaviorism evidence Watson (1920) Little Albert conditioned fear.
Created by: user-1970252
 

 



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