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Week 7-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define mechanical digestion | the physical process of breaking down food into smaller pieces without changing its chemical composition |
| define pulmonary ventilation | the physiological process of moving air into and out of the lungs |
| Explain the functions of antibodies | protect the body from pathogens like viruses and bacteria by neutralizing them, marking them for destruction (opsonization), and activating the complement system to cause lysis. |
| Understand why platelets help in the process of hemostasis | they form a temporary platelet plug at the site of injury and provide a critical surface for the activation of the coagulation cascade, which stabilizes the plug with a strong fibrin mesh. |
| Differentiate between the mechanisms of action of steroid and nonsteroid hormones | steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and act on intracellular receptors to directly influence gene expression, while nonsteroid hormones are water-soluble and bind to cell surface receptors, triggering a cascade of secondary messengers within the cell. |
| List the pancreatic hormones | Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin, Pancreatic Polypeptide, Amylin, Ghrelin |
| Discuss the function of the autonomic nervous system as a whole. | maintain homeostasis (a stable internal environment) by regulating involuntary bodily processes, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration |
| Discuss the function of the spinal cord. | transmitting sensory and motor signals between the brain and the body, controlling reflexes, and coordinating movement. |
| Define membrane potential | the electrical voltage difference across a cell's plasma membrane resulting from the separation of ion charges between the intracellular and extracellular fluids |
| identify the characteristics of resting membrane potentials and local potentials. | Resting membrane potential is the stable, baseline voltage of an inactive excitable cell, while local potentials are transient, graded changes from this resting state that occur in specific areas in response to a stimulus |