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Nervous/Senses
Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 main functions of the nervous system | Sensory - detecting change in the body Integration - interprets and identifies incoming stimuli Motor - ability to initiate a response such as a body movement or secretion from a gland |
| What is the nervous system? | It is the communication and control center of the body! |
| What is the CNS and what does is consist of? | the Central Nervous System consists of the brain and the spinal cord. |
| What is the PNS and what does is consist of? | The Peripheral nervous system contains the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. |
| Somatic nervous system (Manual system) | controls skeletal muscle/movement |
| Autonomic nervous system (*Automatic system) | controls the function of internal organs, glands, and blood vessels. |
| What does the autonomic nervous system consist of? | The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system. |
| Sympathetic nervous system | "Fight or Flight" - increases heart rate, increases glucose levels, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle , dilates pupils, decreases digestive activity and reduces blood flow to visceral organs. |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | "Rest and Relaxation" - decreases heart rate and blood glucose levels, increases blood flow to visceral organs and increases digestive activity. |
| Sensory neurons | nerve cells that transmit info to the CNS |
| Motor neurons | nerve cells that transmit info from the brain and/or spinal cord to a muscle or gland |
| Neurons | basic unit of matter that are responsible for transmitting impulses for communication |
| Interneurons | neurons that are located in the CNS that are responsible for the analysis of sensory neurons and the coordination of motor neurons |
| What are the basic parts of a neuron? | Dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, schwann cell, nucleus, nucleolus, axon terminal, and the node of ranvier |
| Dendrite | Branches of the cell body that are responsible for receiving nerve impulses from other neurons |
| Axon | Long branch from the cell body that carries nerve impulses |
| Neuroglial cells | "Cell Glue" - cells that are supporting the neurons. There are four types of cells in the CNS and two in the PNS. |
| Astrocytes | The most numerous neuroglial cell located in CNS that is responsible for... -providing structure and support for neurons -repair CNS injury -star shaped -maintain blood barrier -regulate nutrient and ion balance |
| Microglia | web like phagocytic cells found in CNS. eats dead brain cells and infection. (like a spider eats bugs.) |
| Oligodendrocytes | produce myelin which insulates the axons (literally means, "few-branching cells") found in the CNS |
| Ependymal cells | ciliated cells that line the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain, but also produce cerebrovascular fluid. The cilia help to circulate within spaces. |
| Schwann cells | Produces myelin and increases the speed of action along axon |
| Satellite | responsible for growth/repair, maintenance, and support of skeletal muscle. |
| What is action potential? | nerve impulse conduction or nerve impulse transmission |
| What are the steps of action potential? | Polarization, depolarization, re-polarization, and refractory |
| Polarization | When a neuron is resting, it is polarized, meaning that there are fewer positively charged ions on the inside of the nerve membrane while the outside contains many charged ions (sodium, chloride, potassium). |
| Depolarization | When the neuron is stimulated, the overall charge inside the neuron becomes positive with more positive ions, and the overall charge outside becomes negative. |
| Repolarization | occurs almost immediately after depolarization where inside charge becomes negative and outside becomes positive |
| Refractory (reset) | The restoration of correct ions on the inside and outside of a neuron |
| White matter | Regions of the CNS containing myelinated neurons |
| Gray matter | Regions of the CNS containing unmyelinated neurons |
| Protection of the CNS | the body protects the CNS with cerebrospinal fluid and meninges |
| What are the three layers of the meninges? (Deep to superficial) | Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, and dura mater |
| Dura mater | "tough mother" that is double layered |
| Arachnoid mater | "spider mother" threadlike extensions that fill the subarachnoid space |
| Pia mater | "soft mater" tightly attaches to the surface of brain and spinal cord |
| Guillan Barre syndrome | A rare autoimmune disease attacking the PNS |
| ALS "Lou Gehrig's" | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - gradual loss of skeletal muscle control due to disease of motor neurons |
| Bacterial meningitis | deathly inflammation of the brain caused by bacterial infection of meninges |
| Cerebral Palsy | Neurological disorder of the CNS that affects the developing brain responsible for movement |
| Epilepsy | characterized by consistent seizures, epilepsy is caused by abnormal electricity in the brain |
| MS (Multiple Sclerosis) | the breakdown of myelin sheath causing less control over skeletal muscle all over body |
| Parkinson's | A neurological disorder that affects the dopamine producing cells |
| Cerebrovascular accident (CVA or stroke) | a disruption of blood flow to the brain |
| What are the 5 components of a reflex arc? | -Sensory receptor -Sensory neurons -Integration -Motor neurons -Effector |
| What is the cerebellum responsible for? | Equilibrium, balance, muscle memory, and coordination |
| What is the frontal lobe responsible for? | Personality, decision making, speech, writing, movement, and smell |
| What is the parietal lobe responsible for? | touch, spatial procession, and motor skills |
| What is the temporal lobe responsible for? | short-term memory, hearing, speech, emotion, and language comprehension |
| What is the occipital lobe responsible for? | Vision, recognizing shapes, colors, and objects |
| What is the diencephalon and what does it consist of? | It is a deep region in the CNS that is composed of gray matter. It holds the thalamus and hyptothalamus. |
| Thalamus | determines if something is pleasant or not |
| Hypothalamus | Also part of endocrine system, secretes various hormones, regulated thirst, hunger, sex drive, sleep cycle, and is a big part of the limbic system |
| Eyelid function | lubricates the eyelashes and protects surface of eye |
| Conjunctiva | Very thin membrane lining the eyelids and outer surface of the cornea. |
| Lacrimal Apparatus consists of... | Lacrimal gland, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal ducts |
| lacrimal gland | produces tears |
| lacrimal sac | area in medial corner of the eye to collect tears |
| nasolacrimal duct | a small opening in the medial corner of eye that drains tears into the nasal cavity. |
| Extrinsic muscles | 6 skeletal muscles that are responsible for the eye's movements. (controlled by cranial nerves) |
| Fibrous tunic | thick, outer layer of the eye. composed of cornea and sclera |
| Sclera | "white of the eye" majority of fibrous tunic composed of connective tissue. provides protection and contains blood vessels |
| Cornea | clear bulge on the anterior of eye that allows light to enter the eye. |
| Vascular Tunic | Middle layer of the eye composed of the choroid. iris, pupil, ciliary body, and lens. |
| Choroid | thin membrane containing melanin to absorb light |
| Iris | colored portion of the eye that controls the size of the pupil |
| Pupil | "hole of the eye" regulates the amount of light entering the eye |
| Ciliary body | thickest part of vascular tunic. controls the thickness of lens with smooth muscle contractions. |
| Lens | focuses light waves on the retina |
| Nervous tunic | Innermost layer of eye, consists of the retina |
| Retina | fragile layer of neurons that form the inner black wall. The retina receives the light as nerve impulses and transmits info the the optic nerve to be processed as sight in the brain. |
| Outer Ear | Auricle (pinna) and Auditory canal |
| Auricle | Structure made of cartilage to direct sound waves into the auditory canal |
| Auditory Canal | A tube that extends into the temporal bone lined with wax |
| The Middle ear | Air filled space within the temporal bone consisting of the tympanic cavity, tympanic membrane, Eustachian tube, and auditory ossicles |
| Tympanic cavity | air filled space which contains the three ossicles. |
| Tympanic membrane | "Eardrum" vibrates in response to sound waves and transmits them to the three ossicles |
| Eustachian tube | small tube extending from the tympanic cavity into the pharynx. It equalizes pressure in the middle ear |
| Auditory ossicles | The malleus, incus, and stapes form a bridge through the tympanic cavity |
| Inner Ear | A series of fluid-filled passageways |
| Bony Labyrinth | like a "maze" the bony labyrinth is a series of canals filled with parilymph. It protects the membranous labyrinth. |
| Membranous Labyrinth | located with the bony labyrinth. It is also a collection of tubes, but filled with endolymph. It consists of the vestibule, semi-circular canals, cochlea and organ of corti |
| Vestibule | chamber found between the cochlea and semi-circular canals. It helps to maintain static equilibrium when the body is not in motion. |
| Semicircular canals | three fluid-filled loops that help the body maintain dynamic equilibrium. |
| Cochlea and organ of corti | small shell with several fluid-filled canals. As sound fibrates through these canals, it eventually reaches the organ of corti which turns the sound into nerve impulses. |
| What are the taste buds called? | Gustatory cells |
| Olfactory bulb | region in the brain that receives info from the olfactory neurons of the nasal olfactory epithelium |
| Myopia | "nearsightedness" When light enters the eye, it does not quite reach the optic nerve allowing somebody to see close, but not far. |
| Hyperopia | "farsightedness" When light enters the eye, the light goes past the optic nerve making it hard to see objects up close. |
| Presbyopia | Weakening of the eyesight with old age. The lens becomes less flexible |
| Cataracts | Blurring of the lens of the eye |
| Conjunctivitis | inflammation of the conjunctiva usually caused by infection or bacteria |
| Strabismus | "lazy eye" when the extrinsic muscles of one eye are weaker than the other |
| Glaucoma | damage to the optic nerve, usually due to increased pressure in the eye. can lead to blindness. |
| macular degeneration | inherent eye disease that causes the macula to waste away leaving dark spots in your vision. (The macula provides sharp, clear vision.) |
| Vertigo | vertigo affects your sense of balance by causing dizziness and a spinning sensation |
| Tinnitus | abnormal ringing of the ear |
| middle ear infection | otitis media is an infection of the middle ear |
| Deafness | the total or partial inability to hear caused by issues in the outer, middle, and inner ear. |
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