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Physics
Ch 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the foundation of all electromagnetic radiation? | The relationship between electric and magnetic fields that propagate as waves. |
| What is the speed of all electromagnetic radiation? | 3 × 10^8 m/s (speed of light). |
| What type of wave is EM radiation? | A transverse wave. |
| What are the two measurable wave properties of EM radiation? | Wavelength and frequency. |
| What is wavelength? | The distance between two consecutive crests or troughs of a wave. |
| What is frequency? | The number of wave cycles passing a point per second. |
| What are the units of wavelength? | Meters, nanometers, or angstroms. |
| What are the units of frequency? | Hertz (Hz). |
| What is the wave equation? | c = λ × f |
| What does c represent in the wave equation? | Speed of light. |
| What does λ represent? | Wavelength. |
| What does f represent? | Frequency. |
| What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency? | They are inversely proportional. |
| What happens to frequency when wavelength increases? | Frequency decreases. |
| What happens to energy when frequency increases? | Energy increases. |
| What type of relationship exists between energy and frequency? | Direct relationship. |
| What type of relationship exists between energy and wavelength? | Inverse relationship. |
| What is a photon? | A discrete packet (quantum) of electromagnetic energy. |
| Does a photon have mass? | No, photons have no mass. |
| Does a photon have charge? | No, photons have no electrical charge. |
| What equation describes photon energy? | E = h × f |
| What does h represent? | Planck’s constant. |
| What is the value of Planck’s constant? | 4.15 × 10^-15 eV·s |
| What determines the energy of a photon? | Its frequency. |
| What part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the highest frequencies? | Gamma rays. |
| What part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the longest wavelength? | Radio waves. |
| What part of the electromagnetic spectrum includes diagnostic x-rays? | Short-wavelength, high-frequency region. |
| What differentiates x-rays from gamma rays? | Their origin (x-rays from electrons; gamma from nucleus). |
| What is visible light? | A small portion of the EM spectrum detectable by the human eye. |
| What type of interaction describes visible light? | Reflection, transmission, and absorption. |
| What is refraction? | Bending of light as it enters a different medium. |
| What is attenuation? | Reduction of beam intensity through absorption or scattering. |
| What is transparency? | Material transmits visible light without significant absorption. |
| What is translucency? | Material scatters visible light but still transmits some. |
| What is opacity? | Material absorbs visible light and transmits none. |
| What is the electromagnetic spectrum? | The full range of EM radiation arranged by wavelength and frequency. |
| What is the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation? | It behaves as both a wave and a particle. |
| What is the term for the particle-like behavior of EM radiation? | Quantum or photon nature. |
| What interaction explains why higher frequency light is more energetic? | Planck’s quantum theory. |
| What is the relationship between photon energy and penetration? | Higher energy photons have greater penetration. |
| What is the approximate wavelength of diagnostic x-rays? | 0.1–0.5 angstroms. |
| What is the frequency range of diagnostic x-rays? | Approximately 10^18 to 10^20 Hz. |
| What determines the color of visible light? | Wavelength. |
| Which color has the longest visible wavelength? | Red. |
| Which color has the shortest visible wavelength? | Violet. |
| What is radiolucent? | Material allowing x-rays to pass with minimal absorption. |
| What is radiopaque? | Material absorbing x-rays and appearing white on the image. |
| What interaction forms the basis of image contrast? | Differential absorption. |
| What factor primarily controls differential absorption? | Atomic number of tissues. |
| What type of tissue absorbs the most x-rays? | Bone (high atomic number). |
| What interaction causes scatter? | Compton scattering. |
| What type of scatter occurs at diagnostic energies? | Compton scatter. |
| What interaction contributes most to occupational dose? | Compton scatter. |
| What interaction contributes most to image contrast? | Photoelectric effect. |
| What interaction increases with higher atomic number? | Photoelectric absorption. |
| What interaction increases with higher photon energy? | Compton scatter. |
| What happens to patient dose when photoelectric interactions increase? | Patient dose increases. |
| What happens to image contrast when Compton scattering increases? | Image contrast decreases. |
| What is the inverse square law? | Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. |
| State the inverse square law equation. | I1/I2 = (D2^2 / D1^2) |
| Why does intensity decrease as distance increases? | Beam divergence. |
| Does increasing distance change photon energy? | No, only intensity changes. |
| What is beam quality? | The penetration ability of the x-ray beam. |
| What is beam quantity? | The number of x-ray photons. |
| How does kVp affect beam quality? | Higher kVp increases beam quality. |
| How does mAs affect beam quantity? | Higher mAs increases beam quantity. |
| Which factor primarily affects patient dose? | mAs. |
| Which factor primarily affects penetration? | kVp. |
| What is the energy of a photon with high frequency? | High energy. |
| What is the energy of a photon with long wavelength? | Low energy. |
| What portion of EM radiation is ionizing? | X-rays and gamma rays. |
| Why are x-rays considered ionizing? | They have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms. |
| Why can radio waves not ionize atoms? | Their energy is too low. |
| What controls the energy of x-rays? | kVp. |
| What controls the number of x-rays? | mAs. |
| What does the electromagnetic spectrum illustrate? | Different EM radiations arranged by energy, wavelength, and frequency. |
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