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Physics
Ch 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the speed of electromagnetic radiation? | 3 × 10^8 m/s (speed of light). |
| What symbol represents the speed of light? | c |
| What is the wave equation? | c = λ × f |
| What does λ represent? | Wavelength. |
| What does f represent? | Frequency. |
| What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency? | Inversely proportional. |
| As wavelength increases, what happens to frequency? | Frequency decreases. |
| As frequency increases, what happens to wavelength? | Wavelength decreases. |
| What units measure wavelength of x-rays? | Angstroms or nanometers. |
| What units measure frequency? | Hertz (Hz). |
| What is a photon? | A discrete packet (quantum) of electromagnetic energy. |
| Do photons have mass? | No, they are massless. |
| Do photons have charge? | No electrical charge. |
| What equation relates photon energy and frequency? | E = h × f |
| What does h represent in Planck’s equation? | Planck’s constant. |
| What is the value of Planck’s constant? | 4.15 × 10^-15 eV·s |
| What is the relationship between energy and frequency? | Directly proportional. |
| What is the relationship between energy and wavelength? | Inversely proportional. |
| What part of the EM spectrum do x-rays occupy? | Short wavelength, high frequency region. |
| What is the approximate wavelength of diagnostic x-rays? | 0.1–0.5 Å. |
| What is the frequency range of diagnostic x-rays? | 10^18–10^20 Hz. |
| What produces x-rays? | Electron interactions with a target. |
| What produces gamma rays? | Radioactive nuclear decay. |
| What is the main difference between x-rays and gamma rays? | Their origin. |
| What does EM radiation behave like during propagation? | A wave. |
| What does EM radiation behave like during interactions with matter? | A particle. |
| What is wave–particle duality? | EM radiation existing as both a wave and a particle. |
| What determines beam energy? | kVp. |
| What determines beam quantity? | mAs. |
| What is attenuation? | Reduction of x-ray beam intensity by absorption and scattering. |
| What is absorption? | Transfer of photon energy to matter. |
| What is scattering? | Change in direction of a photon after interaction. |
| What is transmission? | Photons passing through without interaction. |
| What factors determine attenuation? | Thickness, density, atomic number, photon energy. |
| What interaction dominates at low photon energies? | Photoelectric effect. |
| What interaction dominates at high photon energies? | Compton scattering. |
| What interaction contributes most to patient dose? | Photoelectric absorption. |
| What interaction contributes most to occupational dose? | Compton scattering. |
| What interaction reduces image contrast? | Compton scattering. |
| What interaction increases image contrast? | Photoelectric absorption. |
| What is the photoelectric effect? | Complete absorption of photon energy by an inner-shell electron. |
| What is Compton scatter? | Partial energy loss and redirection of a photon interacting with an outer electron. |
| What is classical (coherent) scatter? | Low-energy interaction where photon changes direction without energy loss. |
| What is pair production? | Photon interaction producing an electron-positron pair (not in diagnostic range). |
| What is photodisintegration? | High-energy photon absorption causing nuclear emission (not diagnostic). |
| What does kVp primarily control? | Photon energy and beam penetration. |
| What does mAs primarily control? | Number of photons. |
| What happens to wavelength when kVp increases? | It decreases. |
| What happens to frequency when kVp increases? | It increases. |
| What happens to photon energy when kVp increases? | It increases. |
| What is beam quality? | Energy and penetration of x-rays. |
| What is beam quantity? | Number of photons in the beam. |
| What is intensity? | The rate of x-ray emission (photon flux). |
| What law explains the drop in intensity with distance? | Inverse square law. |
| State the inverse square law formula. | I1/I2 = (D2^2 / D1^2) |
| Why does intensity decrease with distance? | Beam divergence. |
| Does divergence affect photon energy? | No, only intensity changes. |
| What is the electromagnetic spectrum? | The full range of electromagnetic wavelengths and frequencies. |
| What is the shortest wavelength EM radiation? | Gamma rays. |
| What is the longest wavelength EM radiation? | Radio waves. |
| Which EM radiation has the highest frequency? | Gamma rays. |
| Which EM radiation has the lowest frequency? | Radio waves. |
| Which EM radiation is just below x-rays? | Ultraviolet. |
| What property of EM waves determines energy? | Frequency. |
| What property of EM waves determines color in visible light? | Wavelength. |
| What part of the spectrum can ionize atoms? | X-rays and gamma rays. |
| What is coherence in EM waves? | Uniform, synchronized wavefronts. |
| What is amplitude? | Height of a wave. |
| What does wavelength measure? | Distance between two wave crests or troughs. |
| What does frequency measure? | Number of wave cycles per second. |
| What is a sine wave? | A wave with predictable amplitude, wavelength, and frequency. |
| What primarily determines tissue contrast? | Differences in photoelectric absorption. |
| What increases the probability of photoelectric absorption? | Higher atomic number and lower photon energy. |
| What increases the probability of Compton scatter? | Higher photon energy. |
| Which interaction produces occupational dose? | Compton scatter. |
| Which interaction produces secondary radiation? | Photoelectric effect. |
| What interaction causes most scatter in radiography? | Compton scattering. |
| What interaction is most responsible for differential absorption? | Photoelectric effect. |
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