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Physiology Stack #2

Physiology stack for weeks 7-13

QuestionAnswer
What is the resting membrane potential and what is the threshold potential? Resting membrane potential is -70mV threshold membrane potential is -50 to -60mV
which ion is responsible for the neurotransmitter to be secreted by the neurons at the synaptic cleft? Calcium
What are the three protective coverings of the brain? Pia mater (outermost) arachnoid mater (middle) pia mater (innermost)
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there, and how many pairs of spinal nerves are there? cranial: 12 pairs spinal: 31 pairs
what are the autonomic neurotransmitters, and on which ANS branch do they act on? Norepinephrine: postganglionic Sympathetic acetylcholine: postganglionic parasympathetic
what are the types of sensory receptors? mechanoreceptors: changes in position of the receptor (pressure) chemoreceptors (ion concentrations) thermoreceptors (change in temperature) nocioreceptors (pain) photoreceptors (light stimulus, only found in eyes) osmoreceptors (osmotic pressure)
which photoreceptors detect light and which detect color? rods detect light, cones detect color
what hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? posterior pituitary gland? anterior: FSH, LH, TSH, GH, prolactin, ACTH posterior: ADH, oxytocin
what are the five types of white blood cells? granulocytes: BEN Nongranulocytes: Basophils Leukocytes (B and T cells) Eosinophils monocytes Neutrophils
what are the four valves of the heart called? TPMA tricuspid valve pulmonary valve mitral (bicuspid) valve aortic valve
describe the types of arteries and veins, starting from aorta Aorta - artery - arteriole - capillary - venule - vein - vena cava
what are the two most important functions of the lymphatic system? 1. maintenance of fluid balance in internal environment 2. immunity
what is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity? innate: already present naturally at birth, nonspecific immunity. (neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells) adaptive: recognize specific antigens due to exposure (B and T lymphocytes)
what is the difference between B and T cells? B cells are humoral immunity, create antibodies. T cells are cellular immunity, react to antibodies
what is the difference between internal and external respiration? internal respiration: gas exchange between systemic blood capillaries and cellular respiration. external respiration: breathing and gas exchange between pulmonary capillaries and lungs.
what happens when water and CO2 combine? produce carbonic acid, which dissociates to H+ and bicarbonate. too much H+ can cause acidosis in blood
what are the enzymes that are released by the pancreas? proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin) pancreatic lipases amylase nucleases bicarbonate (neutralizes acidic chyme coming from stomach)
Created by: sarasaccani82
 

 



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