Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Urinalysis/Function
Kidney Function, Urinalysis, and Diagnostic Tests
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| a brown or black urine color may indicate the presence of ? | Bilirubin or melanin |
| How much filtrate is produced by the kidney each day? | 45 gallons of plasma per day |
| most water reabsorption in the kidney occurs in which structure? | proximal tubules |
| What are the 5 roles of the kidneys | removing waste maintaining blood pH Maintaining fluid and electrolytes balance producing hormones forming and excreting urine |
| Which organ is the functional unit of urine formation | Nephron - filtration reabsorption and secretion |
| what hormones increases water reabsorption in the kidneys? | ADH- antidiuretic hormone |
| what hormones inhibits calcium reabsorption in the kidney ? | Calcitonin |
| what hormone in the kidney increases calcium reabsorption? | PTH- parathyroid hormones |
| what hormones in the kidney promotes sodium excretion | ANP- atrial natriuretic peptide |
| what is the renal threshold | When blood concentration exceeds the kidney's ability to reabsorb |
| what hormones in the kidney regulates sodium and potassium | Aldosterone |
| What is the most concentrated component in urine? | Urea |
| The normal adult daily urine output is | 750-2,000mL/day |
| What does a Diuretic do? | Increases urine production |
| Which urine specimen is best for a routine urinalysis | First morning |
| a clean catch midstream specimen is primarily used for | urine cultures |
| the pigment responsible for normal yellow urine color is | urochrome |
| Which hormone stimulates RBC production and is produced by the kidneys? | Erythropoietin |
| Cloudy urine may be caused by | bacteria, crystals, and mucus |
| specific gravity is a measure of | solute concentration |
| a reagent strip positive for nitrites likely indicates | bacterial UTI |
| Which confirmatory test is used to detect reducing sugars? | clinititest |
| which test confirms the presence of protein in urine | SSA test |
| which condition may cause sweet or fruity-smelling urine? | Diabetes mellitus |
| which renal process is responsible for returning useful substance back to the bloodstream? | Selective reabsorption |
| secretions of K+ and H+ in the renal tubules primarily helps regulate what? | acid-base balance |
| which ions is secreted to help regulate potassium levels in the blood | potassium |
| what hormone helps regulate blood pressure ? | renin |
| What hormone control calcium level and bone health | active vitamin D3 (calcitriol) |
| which test detect ketones | acetest |
| which test detects bilirubin | Ictotest |
| When should you test a urine culture | within 1-2 hours of collection |
| At what temperature should you store a urine culture? and for how long? | 4-6 Celsius degree and up to 4 hours |
| what is the primary purpose of microscopic urine sediment examination? | Identify formed elements like cells and casts |
| what is the correct centrifugation procedure for urine sediment examination? | 10-15mL urine at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes |
| what is microscope setting is best for scanning casts? | low power (10x) |
| which element is identified under 40x? | RBC and WBC |
| what is a key feature of RBCs in hypotonic (dilute) urine? | Ghost cells |
| which finding strongly indicates a urinary tract infection? | many/moderate amount of bacteria and WBCs |
| which epithelial cell types is the largest and most likely a contaminant? | squamous epithelial cells |
| increase renal tubular epithelial cells indicate damage to which structure? | renal tubules |
| oval fat bodies in urine are associated with which condition? | nephrotic syndrome |
| which microorganism appears as smooth, oval, colorless and may show budding? | yeast |
| what finding is commonly mistaken for RBCS | yeast |
| trichomonas vaginalis may appear in urine due too | vaginal contamination |
| which structure do casts form in? | renal tubules |
| what finding is typically clinically insignificant in both males and females | spermatozoa |
| which artifact can be mistaken for crystals or cells? | fibers or starch granules |
| which microscopic finding is most suggestive of a UTI | WBCs |
| describe WBCs in urine sediment | larger than RBCs, often are neutrophils |
| severe infection often causes WBCs to appear | in clumps |
| what cause an increase of WBCs in urine? | pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal tubular acidosis, dehydration, fever |
| Increase WBCs from extra-renal causes may be seen in | pancreatitis, cystitis (bladder infection), urethritis, and appendicitis. |
| which epithelial cell type is the largest seen in urine? | squamous epithelial cells |
| an increase number of renal tubular epithelial cells indicate tubular damages such as | acute tubular necrosis pyelonephritis salicylate poisoning kidney transplant rejection |
| which epithelial cell type is round or pear-shaped? | transitional epithelial cell |
| increased renal tubular epithelial cells may indicate | acute tubular necrosis pyelonephritis salicylate poisoning kidney transplant rejection |
| A urine sample with many squamous epithelial cells most likely is an indication of | poorly collected specimen |
| transitonal epithelial cells originate from which area? | renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, upper urethra |
| renal tubular epithelial cells are best characterized by | large round nucleus, flat/cuboidal/columnar shape |
| a patient with kidney transplant rejection may show increased | renal tubular epithelial cells |
| which epithelial cell type is slightly larger than renal tubular cells? | transitional |
| which finding supports tubular injury rather than contamination? | renal tubular epithelial cells |
| which urine microscopy finding is characteristic of nephrotic syndrome ? | oval fat bodies |
| fat in urine is best detected using | microscopic examination |
| a patient with chronic glomerulonephritis may show which microscopic finding? | oval fat bodies |
| bacteria in a poorly collected urine specimen should be reported as | few, moderate, many |
| which finding most strongly supports a true urinary tract infection? | many WBCS and bacteria |
| yeast in urine is commonly associated with? | diabetes mellitus, catheter use or vaginal contamination |
| yeast may be confused with which other urine sediment element? | RBCs |
| which significant crystals produces hexagonal plates | cystine |
| name crystals found in alkaline urine | triple phosphate amorphous phosphate calcium phosphate ammonium biurate calcium carbonate |
| what artifact can be mistaken for Maltese cross? | start granules |
| name the conditions that cause calcium oxalate crystals | ethylene glycol poisoning high oxalate food (spinach) kidney stone formation |
| radiographic dye crystals look similar to cholesterol crystals | true |
| calcium oxalate crystals can appear in acidic, neutral, or alkaline urine | true |
| most crystals are formed in fresh urine | false, most form in vitro after urine is cools in the container |
| sulfonamide crystals are associated with | drug-induced kidney injury |
| which crystals indicate severe liver disease when seen together | leucine and tyrosine |
| "thorn-apple" crystals are associated with | old alkaline urine |
| a tech sees a large flat plates with notched corners in acidic urine? what is the most likely identity | cholesterol |
| which of the following is a normal finding and clinically insignificant | amorphous urates |
| which crystals is yellow, oily, and has concentric rings or striations | leucine |
| hexagonal, colorless plates in acidic urine indicates | cystine |
| a urine sample shows "coffin-lid" crystals, what condition is most likely to occur? | UTI with proteus |
| Which crystal is most commonly associated with kidney stones (lithiasis)? | calcium oxalate |
| which factor most strongly influences the type of crystals formed in urine? | urine pH |
| what condition favors cast formation? | Acidic urine with urinary stasis |
| which condition produces epithelial cell casts | acute tubular necrosis |
| mixed casts usually occur when | two disease processes overlap |
| fatty cats showing a "Maltese cross" appearance under polarized light are most strongly associate with | nephrotic syndrome Diabetes mellitus Glomerulonephritis Renal toxicity Fat embolism |
| waxy casts are associated with | chronic renal failure malignant hypertension renal amyloidosis Diabetic nephropathy Allograft rejection |
| what does a patient with waxy casts indicate | chronic severe renal disease |
| waxy casts are found in patient with | final-stage degenerated casts |
| granular casts generally indicates | renal disease or cell degeneration |
| epithelial cells casts are associated with | viral infections such as CMV nephrotoxic drug exposure kidney transplant rejection |
| epithelial cell casts may be present after exposure to | nephrotoxic agents viruses |
| WBC casts are seen in | acute pyelonephritis Interstitial nephritis lupus nephritis glomerular disease |
| The presence of neutrophils inside a cast indicates | renal infection or inflammation |
| a hyaline cast is frequently present in | physiologic dehydration and following a physical exercise |
| RBC casts are most commonly associated with | acute glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, Goodpasture syndrome, subacute bacterial endocarditis, renal trauma, renal infarction, severe pyelonephritis, right-sided congestive heart failure, renal vein thrombosis, periarteritis nodosa. |
| which cast type always indicates renal pathology? | RBC cast |
| a few hyaline casts may be considered | normal or physiologic |
| broad casts are associated with which condition? | dilated or damaged tubules in renal failure, often in end-stage renal disease = serious renal damage |
| what is the primary protein that makes up urinary casts? | Tamm-Horsfall protein (uromodulin) |
| how can a cast form? | urinary stasis acidic pH high solute concentration increase proteins or abnormal ions in the tubules |
| urinary casts are formed in which part of the nephron? | distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts |
| A female urine sample shows oval yeast cells with budding. This may be due to? | Vaginal contamination |
| the presence of moderate bacteria without WBCs typically indicates | sample contamination |
| no chemical dipstick test can detect which element? | parasites |
| fat embolism and fractures of long bones may cause which urinary finding? | oval fat bodies |
| which organism appears smooth, oval, colorless, and may show budding on microscopy? | yeast |
| parasites in urine are most commonly due to? | vaginal or fecal contamination |
| which condition can produce oval fat bodies? | enclampsia chronic glomerulonephritis diabetes mellitus lipid nephrosis nephrotic syndrome toxic renal poisoning |
| spermatozoa in urine is generally ? | clinically insignificant |
Created by:
user-2001025