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ap bio unit 4 test

QuestionAnswer
autocrine: cell signaling to itself. ex: cytokines binding to T helper (itself)
cell to cell/juxtacrine: ligand on one cell attatches to cell surface receptor of another cell, like 2 ballons touching eachother
paracrine: short distance signaling. ex: cytokines (that are not autocrine) to another cell such as cytotoxic T cells
endocrine: long distance signaling. ex: anything that has to do with the bloodstream
pathogen: causes disease. ex: virus, bacteria, etc
antigen: surface molecule on pathogen or APC
antibody: Y: protein with specific shape to bind onto the antigen on pathogen to make pathogens stick together (agglutination) and getting in the way so the pathogen cannot infect cells
cytokines: ligands that are released from T helper cells to either autocrine itself (T helper) to promote the making of cytokines are paracrine to cytotoxic T cells or B cells
b cells: attack pathogens by releasing antibodies
t cells: attack and kill infected cells from (cell + pathogen = infected)
steriod is a... lipid
interphase steps and important stuff: -DNA in chromaTIN form G1: grows (organelles, membrane) S: dna replication/copied G2: proof reading/checking Go: cell is doing work
mitosis steps and important stuff: Prophase: dna is coiled into chromosomes so NOT chromatin anymore Metaphase: chromosomes meet in the middle Anaphase: spindle fibers pull apart the chromsomes Telophase: 2 nuclei Cytokinesis (not part of mitosis!): 1 cell is now 2 cells
second messengers: amplify and relay signals from cell surface receptor to trigger a specfic transnduction and then response. ex: cAMP, cyclic AMP
binary fission: -happens in prokaryotes -cells divide while DNA is not coiled up -first replicating its DNA, then growing larger, and finally splitting in two
Created by: acuda25
 

 



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