A collection of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress responses.

A chemical messenger released by endocrine glands that travels through the blood to target organs, influencing their function.

The process of forming new blood cells in the red bone marrow.

What is cardiac output?

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute, calculated as stroke volume times heart rate.

The pathway that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

A network of vessels that returns excess fluid to the bloodstream and supports immune function through lymph nodes and lymphocytes.

What is innate immunity?

The body’s fast, non specific defense against pathogens, including barriers, inflammation, and phagocytes.

A targeted immune response that involves T cells and B cells and provides long-term memory against specific pathogens.

Pulmonary Ventilation

The movement of air into and out of the lungs through inhalation and exhalation.

How do the lungs regulate blood pH?

By controlling carbon dioxide levels. Faster breathing removes CO2 and decreases acidity. Slower breathing retains CO2 and increases acidity.

Bicarbonate Buffer System

The major chemical buffer in the blood that stabilizes pH by shifting between carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and hydrogen ions.

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

All chemical reactions in the body that build molecules (anabolism) or break them down for energy (catabolism).

The process by which nutrients move from the digestive tract into the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels.

What is the kidney’s role in acid bas

The kidneys excrete hydrogen ions, conserve bicarbonate, and generate new bicarbonate to maintain stable blood pH.

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation.

Charged particles such as sodium, potassium, and calcium that regulate nerve function, muscle contraction, hydration, and pH balance.

What is fluid balance?

The regulation of water intake and output to maintain proper hydration and support cellular function.

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Physiology

Flashcards for week 7-13

Term	Definition
Endocrine System	A collection of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress responses.
What is a hormone?	A chemical messenger released by endocrine glands that travels through the blood to target organs, influencing their function.
Hematopoiesis	The process of forming new blood cells in the red bone marrow.
What is cardiac output?	The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute, calculated as stroke volume times heart rate.
Systemic Circulation	The pathway that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
Lymphatic System	A network of vessels that returns excess fluid to the bloodstream and supports immune function through lymph nodes and lymphocytes.
What is innate immunity?	The body’s fast, non specific defense against pathogens, including barriers, inflammation, and phagocytes.
Adaptive Immunity	A targeted immune response that involves T cells and B cells and provides long-term memory against specific pathogens.
Pulmonary Ventilation	The movement of air into and out of the lungs through inhalation and exhalation.
How do the lungs regulate blood pH?	By controlling carbon dioxide levels. Faster breathing removes CO2 and decreases acidity. Slower breathing retains CO2 and increases acidity.
Bicarbonate Buffer System	The major chemical buffer in the blood that stabilizes pH by shifting between carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and hydrogen ions.
Peristalsis	Wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
What is metabolism?	All chemical reactions in the body that build molecules (anabolism) or break them down for energy (catabolism).
Absorption	The process by which nutrients move from the digestive tract into the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels.
What is the kidney’s role in acid bas	The kidneys excrete hydrogen ions, conserve bicarbonate, and generate new bicarbonate to maintain stable blood pH.
Nephron	The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation.
Electrolytes	Charged particles such as sodium, potassium, and calcium that regulate nerve function, muscle contraction, hydration, and pH balance.
What is fluid balance?	The regulation of water intake and output to maintain proper hydration and support cellular function.

Created by: Roshawn25

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