Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
P2 Trauma Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What important structures are found in the neck? | Carotid arteries and jugular veins |
| The nervous system is divided into what two anatomic parts? | CNS and PNS |
| What’s the three major divisions of the brain? | Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem |
| What makes up the CNS? | Brain and spinal cord |
| What are the three layers of the meninges? | Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
| What is another name for the dura mater? | Tough mother |
| The _____ mater is the outermost layer of the meninges. | Dura |
| The ________ mater is the middle layer of the meninges. | Arachnoid |
| The _____ mater is the innermost layer of the meninges. | Pia |
| What is another name for the pia mater? | Tender mother |
| There is 150mLs of ___ in the body at any given time. | Cerebrospinal fluid |
| What are the two different types of peripheral nerves? | Motor and sensory |
| What supplies the brain with its blood supply? | Two internal carotid arteries and two posterior vertebral arteries |
| ICP in the cranium is normally ____ than 10mmHg and does not significantly impede cerebral blood flow. | Less |
| The pressure that provides cerebral blood flow is called: | Cerebral Perfusion Pressure |
| C1 is known as the: | Atlas |
| C2 is known as the: | Axis |
| What are the different parts of the spinal column? | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx |
| How many cervical vertebrae are there? | Seven |
| How many thoracic vertebrae are there? | Twelve |
| How many lumbar vertebrae are there? | Five |
| There are ____ sacral vertebrae and they are fused. | Five |
| There are ____ coccyx vertebrae and are fused. | Four |
| What is the most common type of skull fracture? | Linear |
| What type of skull fracture may imbed parts of skull fragments into the brain tissue? | Comminuted |
| This injury occurs directly at the point of impact as the brain moves towards and collides with the interior of the skull. | Coup |
| This injury occurs at the opposite side of the direct impact - brain sloshes backwards and collides with the interior of the skull. | Contrecoup |
| Hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respirations are part of: | Cushing’s Reflex |
| Treatment for brainstem herniation: | Ventilate on the upper end of normal |
| If suspected brainstem herniation, DO NOT let the pt become: | Hypoxia or hypotensive |
| Accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater but outside the brain: | Subdural hematoma |
| Accumulation of blood between the skull and dura mater: | Epidural hematoma |
| Bleeding within the brain tissue: | Intracerebral hemorrhage |
| Subdural hematoma is slowly expanding with ______ blood. | Venous |
| Epidural hematoma is rapidly expanding with ______ blood. | Arterial |
| Le Fort fracture with slight instability to maxilla - no displacement | Le Fort I |
| Le Fort fracture of both maxilla and nasal bones. | Le Fort II |
| Le Fort fracture involving entire face below brow ridge (zygoma, nasal bone, maxilla) | Le Fort III |
| Zone of the neck below cricoid ring, highest mortality injury, and includes great vessels and trachea: | Zone I |
| Zone of the neck above the cricoid ring and below angle of jaw - injuries more common | Zone II |
| Zone of the neck above angle of jaw contains cranial nerves and larger vascular structures | Zone III |
| What is a concussion? | Shearing of an axon |
| Shearing, stretching, tearing of axons occurs | Moderate Axonal Injury |
| Significant mechanical disruption of axons in both cerebral hemispheres with extension into brainstem | Severe Axonal Injury |
| Spinal cord syndrome (second most common) results from bony fragments or pressure compressing arteries that perfume the anterior spinal cord | Anterior cord syndrome |
| Cord syndrome usually caused by a flexion-extension injury that results in damage to he anterior spinal artery - the cord is damaged by vascular disruption and subsequent ischemia and infarction. | Anterior cord syndrome |
| Cord injury generally involves loss of motor function and loss of sensation to pain, light touch, and temperature below the injury site | Anterior cord syndrome |
| Cord syndrome injury usually results from hyperextension of the cervical spine as might occur with a forward fall and facial impact or a whiplash type of mechanism | Central cord syndrome |
| Cord injury that can cause loss of bladder control and causes motor weakness that is more likely to affect the upper rather than lower extremities | Central cord syndrome |
| Cord injury usually caused by a penetrating injury that affects one side of the cord resulting in sensory and motor loss to the ipsilateral side of the body at the site of injury and below. | Brown Sequard syndrome |
| Cord injury resulting in pain and temperature perception lost on the contralateral side of the body because of the crossing over of certain nerve fibers as they enter the spinal cord. | Brown Sequard syndrome |
| Cord syndrome that occurs when nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord are compressed, interrupting sensation and motor control | Cauda Equina Syndrome |
| Results from temporary insult to the spinal cord affecting areas of the body below the level of injury | Spinal shock |
| Occurs when injury to the spinal cord or brain or hemorrhage disrupts the brain’s ability to control the body - particularly autonomic function. The interruption of signals limits vasoconstriction, most noticeable in the skin below the level of injury. | Neurogenic shock |
| What organs are contained in the thoracic cavity? | Heart, great vessels, esophagus, tracheobronchial tree, lungs |
| How many pairs of ribs are there? | Twelve |
| Which ribs are most frequently fractured? | Ribs four through eight |
| What are the two different pleura linings in the chest cavity? | Parietal and visceral |
| Which pleura touches the lung and does NOT contain nerve endings? | Visceral |
| Which pleura contains nerve endings? | Parietal |
| Chest segment becomes free to move with respiratory pressure; 3 or more adjacent ribs fracture in two or more places | Flail chest |
| Occurs when lung tissue is injured and air leaks into the pleural space; the intrathoracic pressure does not exceed normal expiratory pressures and there is no mediastinal shift | Simple pneumothorax |
| Chest wall disruption leads to free air passage between the atmosphere and pleural space | Open pneumothorax |
| Open or simple pneumothorax that generates and maintains a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure within the thorax; pressure build up; beck’s triad | Tension pneumothorax |
| Accumulation of blood in the pleural space from internal hemorrhage; primarily a blood loss problem | Hemothorax |
| What treatment for a tension pneumothorax is done at the 2nd ICS, anterior chest, midclavicular and OVER the 3rd rib? | Needle compression |
| Abnormal presence of air in mediastinum (air between heart and lungs) and what sound is heard with this? | Pneumomediastinum; Hammand’s crunch |
| How can a pulmonary contusion interfere with gas exchange? | Less alveoli open for business |
| How can a cardiac contusion decrease the amount of blood that is ejected from the ventricles? | Disrupts muscle cells |
| Where is the ECG does commotio cordis affect? | Relative refractory period |
| What is pericardial tamponade and what are the s/s? | Blood in pericardial sac; beck’s triad |
| Hypotension, JVD, and muffled heart sounds make up: | Beck’s triad |
| Abnormally large decrease is systolic BP during inspiration ; can exceed 10mmHg as a pt inspires during the normal respiratory cycle: | Pulsus paradoxus |
| Alternating QRS - will go from short to tall: | Electrical alternans |
| Alternation between strong and weak pulses: | Pulsus alternans |
| Occurs when a severe compressive force is applied to the chest and can lead to reverse blood flow from the right heart into the superior vena cava and into venous vessels of the upper extremities: | Traumatic asphyxia |
| Where is the diaphragm is considered the weakest point? | Bochdalek |
| Intestine, urinary bladder, gallbladder, stomach, rectum are all _____ organs. | Hollow |
| Liver, spleen, kidneys, appendix, pancreas are all ______ organs. | Solid |
| Abdominal pain that is vague and poorly localized - dull or crampy pain - originates in walls of hollow organs | Visceral |
| Abdominal pain that can be described - sharp | Somatic |
| Presence of shoulder tip pain associated with abdominal pain | Kehr’s sign |
| ____ shoulder tip pain indicates ruptured spleen | Left |
| ____ shoulder tip pain indicates cholecystitis | Right |
| Supports the digestive tract and is a double peritoneal fold containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and fatty tissue; attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen | Mesentery |
| An additional fold of Mesentery, called the ______, covers, insulates and protects the anterior abdominal cavity. | Omentum |
| Ecchymosis around umbilicus is known as: | Cullen’s sign |
| Ecchymosis around the flanks is called: | Grey Turner’s sign |
| What muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities? | Diaphragm |
| Inadequate return of venous blood to the heart, reduced CO, and lowered BP resulting from pressure on the inferior vena cava by the fetus and uterus late in pregnancy | Supine hypotensive syndrome |
| Premature separation of a normally implanted placenta from the uterine wall, poses a potential life threat for both the woman and her fetus; no pain; massive hemorrhage; labor problem | Placenta previa |
| Placental separation from the uterus; ripping, tearing pain; may not have vaginal bleeding; lethal in 3rd trimester | Abruptio placentae |
| Actual tearing or rupture of uterus; occurs with onset of labor or blunt abdominal trauma | Uterine rupture |
| Blood vessels travel lengthwise along bone through small tubes | Haversian canals |
| Perforating canals that distribute blood to bone tissue and structures located within the medullary canal | Volkmann’s canals |
| Bone cells trapped within the matrix and maintain collagen and calcium, phosphate, carbonate, and other salt crystals | Osteocytes |
| Lay down new bone in areas of stress during growth and during the bone repair cycles | Osteoblasts |
| Dissolve bone structures not carrying pressures of articulation and support | Osteoclasts |
| Central portion or shaft of the long bone that supports weight | Diaphysis |
| Widened, articular bone end | Epiphysis |
| Tissue within the epiphysis in cross section resembles a rigid bony sponge (spongy bone) | Cancellous bone |
| Thin layer of compact bone supporting the surface that meets and moves against another bone: | Articular surface |
| Intermediate region between epiphysis and diaphysis; epiphyseal plate (growth plate) found her | Metaphysis |
| Chamber formed within the hollow diaphysis and the cancellous bone of the epiphysis | Medullary canal |
| Central medullary canal is filled with _____ bone marrow that sores fat in a semiliquid form. | Yellow |
| _____ bone marrow fills the cancellous bone chambers of larger bones, pelvis, and sternum - this manufactures erythrocytes and other blood cells. | Red |
| Immovable joint | Synarthrosis (fibrous joint) |
| Joints that allow very limited movement | Amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous joint) |
| Joint that permits free movement | Diarthrosis (synovial joint) |
| Oily, viscous substance that helps facilitate joint position by reducing friction | Synovial fluid |
| Small sacs filled with synovial fluid that helps reduce friction and absorb shock | Bursae |
| Tendons connect: | Muscle to bone |
| Ligaments connect: | Bone to bone |
| Grade __ sprain: minor, small tears; painful but minimal swelling; joint stable | I |
| Grade ___ sprain: larger than grade I but still an incomplete tear; moderate to severe pain, swelling; joint intact but unstable | II |
| Grade __ sprain: complete ligament tear; severe pain and spasm; joint unstable | III |
| Partial bone end displacement from its position within a joint capsule; occurs as a joint separates under stress, stretching ligaments | Subluxation |
| Type of fracture: complete break in bone; runs straight across at 90-degree angle | Transverse |
| Type of fracture: compression MOI, bone impacts on itself; compressed but aligned bone | Impacted |
| Type of fracture: runs at angle across bone | Oblique |
| Type of fracture: bone splintered into several smaller fragments | Comminuted |
| Type of fracture: twisting motion; results in curved break around bone shaft | Spiral |
| Type of fracture: flexible nature of pedi bones; partial fracture; disrupts only one side of long bone | Greenstick |
| Type of fracture: growth plate disrupted; could cause a reduction or halt in bone growth | Epiphyseal |
| Type of fracture: bone has small crack but doesn’t disrupt total structure | Hairline |
| Different types of muscles found in the body: | Skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
| Creation of heat is called: | Thermogenesis |
| Loss of heat is called: | Thermolysis |
| Direct contact of the body’s surface to another, cooler object causes body to lose heat; heat flow from higher temp to lower temp | Conduction |
| Heat loss to air or liquid currents passing over the body | Convection |
| An unclothed person will lose approx 60% of total body heat by _______ | Radiation |
| The change of liquid to gas; occurs as water or sweat evaporates from the skin | Evaporation |
| Combines the mechanisms of convection, radiation, and evaporation; accounts for large portion of the body heat loss | Respiration |
| Difference in temperature between environment and body | Thermal gradient |
| What in our body is responsible for thermoregulation? | Hypothalamus |
| Painful muscle spasms seen in fingers, arms, legs, abdomen; result of excessive sweating | Heat cramps |
| Acute reaction to heat exposure; loss of water and sodium with vasodilation; decreased circulation blood volume, venous pooling, reduced CO | Heat exhaustion |
| True environmental emergency; hypothalamic temperature lost - uncompensated hyperthermia; cell death | Heat stroke |
| Environmentally induced freezing of body tissues | Frost bite |
| Low core body temp below 95-degrees F; inadequate thermogenesis, excessive cold stress | Hypothermia |
| Core temp 90-95 degrees F: | Mild hypothermia |
| Core temp 82-95 degrees F: | Moderate hypothermia |
| Core temp less than 82-degrees F: | Severe hypothermia |
| Two ways a pt can develop heat stroke: | Classic and exertional |
| Elevation of body temperature above the normal tempt for that person; pathogens enter and cause infection | Pyrexia |
| Injury during ascent: | Pneumomediastinum |
| Gas laws: the volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of it | Boyle’s law |
| Gas laws: the amount of a dissolved gas in a given amount of fluid is directly proportional to the amount of pressure on top of that gas | Henry’s law |
| Gas laws: at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas | Charles’s law |
| Gas laws: as you heat a volume of gas, the pressure is going to go up (oxygen tanks) | Gay-Lussac’s law |
| Gas laws: the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial presssure of the individual gases | Dalton’s law |
| Increased pulmonary pressure and hypertension caused by changes in blood flow at high altitude | HAPE |
| Where do most spinal injures occur for pediatric patients? | C2 |
| How do you properly immobilize a pediatric trauma pt? | Sniffing position |
| Injuries caused by changes in pressure: | Barotrauma |
Created by:
Stephanie96