filled cavity within each cerebral hemisphere.

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Question	Answer
1. Which brain structure contains the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain?
	The brainstem contains the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
2. Which brain structure contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus?
	The diencephalon contains these three regions.
3. Name the region that extends throughout the brainstem and helps maintain consciousness.
	The reticular formation extends through the brainstem and helps maintain alertness.
4. What protects the brain by preventing harmful substances from the blood from entering brain tissue?
	The blood–brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain this way.
5. Name the junctions between capillary endothelial cells that form the functional BBB.
	Tight junctions provide the BBB’s selective protection.
6. Name the brain region containing the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers for respiration control.
	The pons contains these respiratory regulatory centers.
7. What area of the brain contains vital centers for heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure?
	The medulla oblongata houses these vital autonomic centers.
8. What is a shallow groove on the surface of the cortex called?
	A shallow groove is called a sulcus.
9. What are the ridges or outward folds of the cerebral hemispheres called?
	These are called gyri.
10. What is Broca’s area involved with?
	Broca’s area controls speech production and motor functions of speaking.
11. Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
	The prefrontal cortex governs these higher
12. Which area serves as a major relay station for most sensory impulses to the cortex?
	The thalamus is the primary sensory relay center.
13. What structure conducts nerve impulses between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
	The corpus callosum carries signals between hemispheres.
14. What tracts conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same hemisphere?
	Association tracts connect gyri on the same side.
15. Name the fluid	filled cavity within each cerebral hemisphere.
	Each hemisphere contains a lateral ventricle.
16. Name the meningeal structure that contains cerebrospinal fluid.
	The subarachnoid space contains the CSF.
17. Name the cells that line the ventricles of the brain.
	Ependymal cells line the ventricles.
18. What is the main function of cerebrospinal fluid?
	CSF protects, cushions, and nourishes the brain and spinal cord.
19. Through which cranial meninge do arachnoid villi protrude to return CSF to the blood?
	They protrude through the dura mater.
20. What are the characteristics of a reflex action?
	A reflex is a rapid, automatic, predictable response to a stimulus.
21. What are the primary functions of the spinal cord?
	The spinal cord conducts nerve impulses and integrates reflexes.
22. Which spinal meninx is the most superficial?
	The dura mater is the outermost meninx.
23. What special spinal cord feature allows nerves to the lower limbs to emerge?
	The lumbar enlargement serves this function.
24. Which spinal structure contains only sensory axons entering the CNS?
	The posterior (dorsal) root carries only sensory axons.
25. Which part of a reflex arc monitors body conditions?
	The sensory receptor detects changes.
26. Which part of a reflex arc receives information and decides how to respond?
	The integrating center (usually interneurons in the spinal cord) processes and decides the response.
27. Which part of a reflex arc is usually a muscle or gland?
	The effector carries out the response.
28. Which part of a reflex arc has a cell body in the posterior root ganglion?
	The sensory neuron has its cell body in the dorsal root ganglion.
29. Through which structure would a nerve impulse from a muscle spindle travel to enter the spinal cord?
	It enters through the posterior (dorsal) root.
30. What structure contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons carrying information to the spinal cord?
	The posterior (dorsal) root ganglion contains these cell bodies.


1a. Which region of the brain compares intended skeletal muscle movements with actual movement and sends corrective feedback to upper motor neurons?
	The cerebellum performs this function by coordinating movement and sending corrective signals.
2a. Know that the anterior corticospinal tract, lateral corticospinal tract, and corticobulbar tract are all direct motor pathways.
	These three tracts are classified as direct (pyramidal) motor pathways because they provide voluntary motor control.
3a. Know that the basal nuclei regulate skeletal muscle movements by suppressing unwanted movements, influencing muscle tone, and initiating and terminating movements.
	The basal nuclei help fine

1b. What is the general name of sensory receptors located in blood vessels and visceral organs whose signals are not usually consciously perceived?
	These receptors are called interoceptors, and they monitor internal conditions subconsciously.
2b. What is an example of a specialized sensory receptor cell known as a “separate cell”?
	Hair cells in the inner ear, taste receptor cells, and photoreceptors are examples of separate sensory cells.
3b. Know that the term sensory receptor can be either a primary sensory neuron or a separate cell.
	A sensory receptor may be the dendrites of a primary sensory neuron or a specialized separate receptor cell.
4b. Know that activation of an effector is not an event in the process of sensation.
	Activating an effector (muscle or gland) is part of a reflex, not part of the sensation process.
5b. What is the name of the process in which the frequency of nerve impulses decreases during a prolonged stimulus?
	This decreasing response is called adaptation.
6b. What is the total number of different sensory modalities a single sensory neuron can have?
	A single sensory neuron can detect only one sensory modality.
7b. What is the name of the sensory receptors associated with visceral pain production?
	These receptors are nociceptors, specifically visceral nociceptors.
8b. Which kinds of stimuli are sensed when encapsulated nerve endings are involved?
	Encapsulated nerve endings detect pressure, vibration, and touch.
9b. What is the term used to describe pain felt at a site remote from the place of origin?
	This phenomenon is called referred pain.

1c. Know that autonomic motor neurons can regulate visceral activities by increasing or decreasing effector tissue activity.
	Autonomic motor neurons adjust visceral activity by either increasing or decreasing the activity of glands, smooth muscle, or cardiac muscle.
2c. Know how a postganglionic neuron affects its effector.
	A postganglionic neuron releases neurotransmitters onto the effector, which then either stimulates or inhibits the target tissue.
3c. Name the two main neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system.
	The two primary ANS neurotransmitters are acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE).
4c. Name the two types of cholinergic receptors.
	The two cholinergic receptor types are nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors.
5c. Know that acetylcholine is released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and that it is removed from the synaptic cleft faster than norepinephrine.
	Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers release ACh, which is broken down rapidly by acetylcholinesterase, much faster than NE is removed.
6c. What does catechol	O
	COMT breaks down catecholamines such as norepinephrine, helping terminate their action.
7c. What area of the brain controls autonomic tone?
	The hypothalamus is the major control center of autonomic tone.
8c. Know the differences between somatic and autonomic reflexes regarding the type of effectors activated.
	Somatic reflexes activate skeletal muscle, while autonomic reflexes activate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands.

Created by: user-2003927

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