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Human Phys Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| components of the GI tract | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum. |
| Accessory organs | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas. |
| 4 Processes of the GI Tract | digestion, secretion, absorption, motility |
| What does the TH hormone do | controls the amount of oxygen each cell uses, rate that body burns calories, HR, growth, temp, fertility, digestion, memory, mood |
| How is TH made | Pituitary secretes TSH. Thyroid takes in TSH and combines it with iodine to convert TSH into TH |
| What does TH make | T4 and T3 |
| What does T3 affect | metabolism |
| Where is GH secreted from | pituitary gland |
| What does GH do | builds muscle, burns fat, resist heart disease, protect bones, prevent liver from moving glucose into cells |
| What action is needed for GH to secrete | sleep |
| How is Leptin produced | adipose cells |
| What does Leptin do | keep fat levels constant, Helps your body figure out how hungry it is, how fast it will burn food, and if it will let you keep weight or lose weight. Appetite suppressant. Lets you burn fat stores for energy |
| Process involving Leptin | after meal: fat cells release leptin > travels to hypothalamus > shuts off production of Neuropeptide Y |
| What does NPY (Neuropeptide Y) do | increases appetite |
| Obese people have what type of leptin levels | normal |
| What causes obese people to be hungry | leptin resistance |
| What action increase leptin production | REM sleep |
| What type of leptin levels do women have after dieting | lower levels increases hunger, lowers metabolism |
| Where is Peptide YY released from and in response to what | GI tract response to food |
| What happens to Peptide YY levels after fasting or eating | Fasting: decrease Eating: increase |
| The more calories are consumed.. the ____ PYY is released into the _______ | more; bloodstream |
| Where does PYY travel to and to do what | hypothalamus decreases appetite by blocking NPY and ghrelin |
| How much PYY do obese people secrete compared to normal people | less than normal people |
| What do injections with PYY do to both obese and healthy people | make them consume 30% less calories |
| Where is Adiponectin produced from | fat (especially in butt and thighs) |
| What does Adiponectin do | Improves function of lover and BV, lowers blood sugar, guards body against insulin and leptin resistance |
| How are Adiponectin and leptin different in weight loss | Adiponectin causes weight loss by raising metabolic weight while not affecting appetite or mood |
| Where is Adiponectin secreted by | adipose tissue |
| Levels of Adiponectin are ________ in obese people vs in lean people | lower |
| Where does Insulin come from | pancreas |
| What stimulates insulin | food (especially sugar) in blood |
| What does insulin do | takes sugar and moves it into body cells, to use as food moves sugars to liver and converts to glycogen for muscles turns glucose into FA and moves into fat cells for stored fuel |
| What does exercise do to muscle cells (in terms of insulin) | makes them more sensitive to insulin and more efficient at using glucose for fuel |
| What does Cortisol do | Increases appetite lowers leptin levels (stimulates appetite) Increases NPY (stimulates appetite) |
| Where is Ghrelin produced | stomach and small intestine |
| What does Ghrelin cause to occur in the body | Ghrelin binds to receptors in hypothalamus, turns on NPY, and to increase appetite and decrease metabolism increases release of GH |
| What does low calorie dieting do to Ghrelin | increases its release |
| Where is NPY found | brain and ANS |
| Where is NPY secreted from | hypothalamus |
| What does NPY do | increases food intake and decreases physical activity decreases metabolic rate increases fat storage and production of new fat cells |
| What are a couple things that cause excess NPY to be released | obesity, high stress, and high-fat/sugar diets |
| What does Orexin promote | Arousal and appetites |
| What inhibits Orexin | leptin |
| what does a lack of orexin cause | narcolepsy |
| How are GI processes regulated | autonomous smooth muscle, intrinsic nerve plexus, extrinsic nerves, and GI hormones. |
| How do Autonomous Smooth muscles control GI processes | pacemaker cells generating BER Gap junctions allow coordinated contractions |
| How do Intrinsic Nerves control GI processes | regulates secretions, motility and muscle tone found only in the GI tract |
| How do Extrinsic nerves control GI processes | Parasympathetic increases GI activity Sympathetic decreases GI activity |
| How do hormones control GI processes | regulate motility and secretion when released from GI mucosa |
| What part do the lips, tongue, and palate play in digestion? | Lips: help with food manipulation; sensory input. • Tongue: mixes food with saliva; aids swallowing; taste buds. • Palate: separates oral and nasal cavities; soft palate closes nasopharynx during swallowing |
| Saliva components | • Water • Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl–, HCO₃–) • Amylase • Mucus (mucin) • Lysozyme • IgA |
| Saliva function | Moistens, lubricates food • Begins starch digestion • Dissolves food for taste • Antibacterial actions • Buffers acids • Helps speech and prevents cavities/bad breath |
| Regulation of secretion of saliva | Parasympathetic: major stimulator • Chemo- & mechanoreceptors → brainstem • Conditioned reflex: sight/smell/thought of food • Local stimuli in mouth • Sympathetic has minor effects (mainly mucus) |
| Difference between pharynx and esophagus? | • Pharynx: pathway for food/air; participates in swallowing; secretes mucus. • Esophagus: muscular tube transporting food to stomach; secretes mucus; no digestion/absorption |
| Functions of the stomach? | Digestion (mechanical + protein digestion) Secretion (HCl, pepsinogen, mucus, intrinsic factor, gastrin) Absorption (minimal; alcohol, aspirin, lipid-soluble substances) Motility (mixing + peristalsis) Storage of food b4 release into small intestine |
| How is the stomach protected from its acidic contents? (4 ways) | Luminal membrane is impermeable to H+. Tight junctions prevent acid from slipping between cells. Rapid cell turnover (new mucosa every 3 days). Thick alkaline mucus layer provides protection. |
| Stomach Secretions: enzymes | Pepsin, gastric lipase, mucus, intrinsic factor, HCl |
| Stomach Secretions: hormones | Gastrin, Somatostatin, Histamine, Ghrelin, Leptin |
| What does pepsin do | Digests proteins |
| What stimulates the release of pepsin | HCl and pepsin |
| What does Gastric lipase do | digests small amounts of fats |
| What stimulates the release of gastric lipase | food in the stomach |
| What does mucus do | Protects lining • Lubricates • Neutralizes acid (alkaline) |
| What does the intrinsic factor do | Essential for B12 absorption → the only essential stomach secretion. |
| What happens if Intrinsic factor is missing in the GI | pernicious anemia |
| What does HCl do | Activates pepsinogen • Kills bacteria • Dissolves food particles • 2L/day secretion |
| What does Gastrin do | ↑ HCl and pepsinogen • ↑ gastric motility • Stimulates small intestine contraction |
| Where is Gastrin released from | G-cells in stomach/duodenum |
| What is gastrin stimulated by | vagus nerve, distension, peptides, low acidity |
| What does Somatostatin do | Inhibits gastric secretion, motility, emptying |
| When is somatostatin released | in response to sympathetic stimulation |
| What does histamine do | Stimulates parietal cells to release HCl. |
| What does Ghrelin do | Stimulates hunger (appetite ↑) |
| When is Ghrelin released | when stomach is empty |
| Which secretion is inactive? Why? | secreted inactive so it does not digest stomach tissue. Activated by HCl and pepsin. |
| Which secretion is essential? Why | Intrinsic factor — required for vitamin B12 absorption. |
| 3 phases of regulation of gastric secretions | cephalic, gastric, intestinal |
| Cephalic Phase | efore food enters stomach • Sight, smell, thought of food → vagus (parasymp) → ↑ gastric secretions (HCl, IF, pepsinogen, gastrin |
| What is the effect of the cephalic phase | stimulates gastric secretions |
| Gastric Phase | • Food in stomach • Stimuli: distension, peptides, low acidity • Neural (ACh) and hormonal (gastrin) stimulation |
| What is the effect of the gastric phase | ↑ gastric secretions. |
| When nerves to stomach are cut what can still stimulate secretion | Gastrin |
| Intestinal Phase | Food entering small intestine • Acid, fat, hypertonicity, distension → release of secretin, CCK, GIP |
| What is the effect of the intestinal phase | inhibits gastric secretions and motility. Also tightens pyloric sphincter via sympathetic input. |
| What phases stimulate gastric release | Cephalic phase • Gastric phase |
| What secretions stimulate gastric release | ACh, gastrin, histamine (all ↑ HCl) |
| What phases inhibit gastric release | Intestinal phase |
| What secretions inhibit gastric release | Secretin, CCK, GIP • Somatostatin • Sympathetic activity |
| Which phases use neural, hormonal, or both mechanisms? | Cephalic → neural • Gastric → both • Intestinal → both |
| How is food mixed in the stomach | Peristaltic waves in the stomach mix food with gastric juice to form chyme. |
| What is the BER? | Basic Electrical Rhythm |
| What generates BER, when does it occur and whats its do | Generated by pacemaker cells • Occurs ~3 waves/min • Sets rhythm of contractions (but does NOT initiate them). |
| How do food/chemicals affect BER? | • Stretch, neurotransmitters, and hormones can depolarize cells → ↑ contractions • Others can hyperpolarize → ↓ contractions |
| What controls the rate of emptying? | • Fat, acid, hypertonicity, distension (slows) • Larger meal → faster emptying • Liquids empty fastest • Carbs → fastest; then protein; fats slowest • Age: infants empty faster • Emotions/pain: sympathetic activation → slows emptying |
| Pancreatic Secretions: enzymes and others | Water, bicarb, amylase, lipase, nucleases, carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin, trypsin |
| Pancreatic Secretions: hormones | Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin |
| Pancreatic secretions Stimulated by Secretin | Water • Bicarbonate (neutralizes acid) |
| Pancreatic secretions Stimulated by CCK (enzymes): | • Pancreatic amylase • Pancreatic lipase • Nucleases (ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease) • Proteases: Trypsinogen Chymotrypsinogen Pro-carboxypeptidase |
| What stimulates pancreatic secretion release? | Secretin → released by acidic chyme entering duodenum → stimulates bicarbonate. • CCK → released by fats & proteins in duodenum → stimulates digestive enzymes + gallbladder contraction. • Parasympathetic (Vagus) → increases pancreatic secretions. |
| Where are pancreatic secretions released into? | duodenum |
| Bicarbonate | neutralizes stomach acid in duodenum. |
| Pancreatic amylase | Polysaccharides → disaccharides. |
| Pancreatic lipase | Main enzyme for fat digestion. • Triglycerides → monoglycerides + 2 fatty acids. |
| Nucleases | Nucleic acids → nucleotides. |
| Proteases | Protein → peptides (inactive forms must be activated). |
| What pancreatic secretions are inactive when secreted | All proteases Trypsinogen Chymotrypsinogen Pro-carboxypeptidase |
| Enterokinase (from small intestine) converts what to what | trypsinogen → trypsin. |
| What does trypsin activate | Chymotrypsinogen → chymotrypsin • Pro-carboxypeptidase → carboxypeptidase |
| Where is enterokinase found | • Secreted by mucosa of the small intestine. |
| What does enterokinase do? | Converts trypsinogen → trypsin, the key step for activating all pancreatic proteases. |
| Neural Regulation of pancreatic secretions | Parasympathetic (Vagus) → increases pancreatic secretion. |
| Hormonal Regulation of pancreatic secretin | Secretin and CCK |
| Role of secretin, where is secreted and what do they do | Released by acid in duodenum. • Stimulates bicarbonate release from pancreas. • Inhibits gastric secretion & motility. • Increases bile output. |
| Role of CCK, where is secreted and what do they do | Released by fats and proteins in duodenum. • Stimulates digestive enzyme release. • Stimulates gallbladder contraction. • Slows gastric emptying. • Sends signals to stop eating |
| Components of Bile | • Water + electrolytes • Bicarbonate • Cholesterol • Lecithin • Bilirubin (pigment) • Bile salts (from cholesterol) |
| Functions of Bile | Digestion/absorption of fats • Emulsification of fat droplets • Micelle formation for transport of lipids to the brush border |
| How is bile secreted and regulated? | Produced continuously by liver • Stored in gallbladder when sphincter of Oddi closed • CCK → gallbladder contraction + sphincter relaxation → bile enters duodenum • Vagus nerve also stimulates contraction |
| Where is bile stored? | Gallbladder |
| role of emulsification and micelles in fat digestion and absorption | Emulsification: bile salts break fat into small droplets → ↑ surface area for lipase. • Micelles: clusters containing bile salts, fatty acids, monoglycerides, fat-soluble vitamins → deliver lipids to epithelial surface for absorption |
| What are the components of the small intestine | Duodenum • Jejunum • Ileum |
| How is the anatomy of the small intestine particularly suited for its purpose? | Massive surface area (folds, villi, microvilli) • Loose (“leaky”) tight junctions for absorption • Specialized transport mechanisms (e.g., for B12 + bile salts in ileum) |
| Secretions of the Small Intestine: Secreted into the lumen | Mucus (lubrication; alkaline) • Water + electrolytes (fluidity, protection) |
| Secretions of the Small Intestine: hormone | PYY |
| Secretions of the Small Intestine: act intracellularly within the brush border? | Aminopeptidases • Sucrase • Maltase • Lactase • Enterokinase (activates trypsinogen → trypsin) |
| What are the components of the large intestine? | Cecum • Appendix • Ascending colon • Transverse colon • Descending colon • Sigmoid colon • Rectum • Anus (internal + external sphincters) |
| What are the functions of the large intestine? | Reabsorption of water/electrolytes • Formation/storage of feces • Mucus secretion • Slow mixing & peristalsis (few times/day) |
| What are the functions of bacterial flora? | Ferment indigestible carbs • Produce gas • Produce vitamins (absorbed by host) • Help digest some remaining food components |
| What is secreted from the large intestine | Mucus |
| Peptic ulcer | Caused by breakdown of mucosal barrier → acid damages tissue. |
| Gallstones | High cholesterol in bile crystallizes; can block ducts causing pain. |
| Hepatitis B | Viral infection; inflammation of liver. |
| Lactose intolerance | Deficiency of lactase → inability to digest lactose → gas, diarrhea. |
| What percent of the population is overweight/obese? | Adults: 71% overweight, 38% obese • Ages 6–19: 18% obese • Ages 2–5: 9.4% obese |
| Why is BMI inadequate? | • Does not measure body composition • Does not distinguish muscle vs fat • Not accurate across populations |
| Reasons for weight gain (biological + behavioral) | Genetics + set point • Hormonal adaptations after dieting • Ghrelin ↑, leptin ↓ after weight loss • Muscle burns fewer calories after weight loss tress (↑ cortisol) • Sleep loss • Processed/high-sugar foods • Environmental endocrine disruptors |
| Why is losing weight difficult? | Body defends its “set point” • Hormones shift to increase hunger and decrease metabolism • Muscles reduce calorie use • Brain reward pathways change • Changes persist long-term (years) after weight loss |
| Parts of brain involved in hunger | Hypothalamus (main regulatory center) • Frontal lobe (decision-making + cravings) |
| Hormones involved in metabolism & weight: lose weight | • Thyroid hormone • Growth hormone • Leptin • PYY • Adiponectin |
| Hormones involved in metabolism & weight: gain weight | Insulin • Cortisol • Ghrelin • Neuropeptide Y • Orexin |
| Relationship of sleep and weight | • Less sleep → more ghrelin, more cortisol, less leptin • Sleep loss reduces GH • All contribute to weight gain |
| What are the functions of the kidney? | Maintain plasma volume, osmolarity, h2o balance Adjust electrolytes/minerals Regulate pH Long-term BP regulation Remove metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine, CO₂) Remove foreign chemicals Secrete erythropoietin and renin Activate vitamin D |
| Lumen | The cavity or channel inside of the tubule |
| Filtrate | Protein free plasma inside the tubules |
| Reabsorption | Substances moving from the kidney tubules back to the blood |
| Secretion | Substances moving from the blood into the kidney tubules |
| Isotonic | same solute concentration |
| Hypotonic | lower solute concentration |
| Hypertonic | higher solute concentration |
| Basic anatomy of renal system | 2 kidneys 2 ureters bladder urethra |
| Differences between male and female urethras | emale urethra is much shorter, increasing risk of UTI • Male urethra longer, passes through prostate (relevant for obstruction) |
| Functions of Bowman’s capsule: | collects filtrate from glomerulus |
| Functions of proximal convoluted tubule | major reabsorption; Na⁺, glucose, AAs; loose junctions; microvilli |
| Functions of loop of Henle | creates vertical osmotic gradient – Descending: water-permeable – Ascending: pumps out NaCl, impermeable to water |
| Functions of distal convoluted tubule | reabsorption of Na⁺ (aldosterone-regulated); secretion of H⁺, K⁺, NH₃, drugs |
| Functions of collecting tubule | early concentration adjustments |
| Functions of collecting duct. | final concentration of urine, ADH-regulated |
| name, in order, the different areas of the vasculature | Afferent arteriole → Glomerular capillaries → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries / Vasa recta → Venules → Vein |
| unusual things about the vasculature of the kidneys | Two capillary beds in series (glomerular + peritubular) Glomerular capillaries are highly permeable Glomerular pressure very high (55 mmHg) Peritubular capillary pressure very low |
| Which arteriole is wider? Why is this important | Afferent arteriole is wider • Creates high pressure in glomerulus to favor filtration |
| What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus? Components | Components: — Afferent/efferent arterioles — Macula densa (tubular cells) — Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells |
| What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus? functions | Regulates GFR and renin release • JG cells: sense BP, secrete renin • Macula densa: senses tubular flow and NaCl |
| Three layers of the glomerular membrane: | Fenestrated capillary endothelium Basement membrane (negatively charged) Podocytes of Bowman’s capsule (filtration slits) |
| What does the membrane keep out? | Large molecules • Negatively charged proteins |
| Two reasons glomerular capillaries are good for filtration: | Very high pressure • Extremely permeable membrane |
| What are the 3 forces involved in glomerular filtration? | Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (favors filtration) Plasma colloid osmotic pressure (opposes) Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure (opposes) |
| How much plasma is filtered vs passes to efferent arteriole? | ~20% filtered • ~80% continues to efferent arteriole/peritubular caps |
| definition of reabsorption | Movement of substances from filtrate → blood. |
| hat sort of things are reabsorbed | water, Na⁺, glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, bicarbonate, etc. |
| Mechanism of sodium reabsorption: | Na⁺ pumped out of epithelial cell via Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase on basolateral membrane • Creates low intracellular Na⁺ • Na⁺ moves passively from lumen into epithelial cell • Water and Cl⁻ follow • Regulated by aldosterone (in DCT) |
| Mechanism of glucose reabsorption: | • Secondary active transport with Na⁺ (cotransport) • Glucose moves from lumen → epithelial cell via Na⁺-glucose carrier • Once inside, glucose moves passively into blood • Has a tubular maximum (Tm) |
| What is filtered load? | Amount of a substance filtered per minute. |
| Equation of filtered load | Filtered load = Plasma concentration × GFR |
| What is renal threshold? | Plasma concentration at which Tm is reached and substance begins appearing in urine. |
| Given filtered load & Tm, can you determine reabsorbed/excreted amounts? | Yes. • If Filtered load < Tm → all reabsorbed, none excreted • If Filtered load > Tm → excess is excreted |
| What is the definition of secretion? | Movement of substances from blood → filtrate. |
| What sort of things would be secreted | H⁺, K⁺, NH₃, drugs, organic ions. |
| Role of loop of Henle? Countercurrent multiplier? Gradient? | Creates vertical hyperosmotic gradient (300 → 1200 mOsm) • Countercurrent multiplier uses descending/ascending limbs to concentrate medulla |
| Descending vs ascending loop | Descending: permeable to water, no Na⁺ pumping • Ascending: pumps out NaCl; impermeable to water |
| Osmolarity of filtrate entering/leaving loop | Enters loop: isosmotic (~300 mOsm) • Leaves loop: hypo-osmotic (~100 mOsm) |
| Role of ADH? Source? Trigger? | • Increases water channels in collecting duct • Produced in hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary • Released when body fluids are hypertonic (↑ osmolarity) |
| What does ADH do and how does it change fluid concentration? | Makes collecting duct permeable to water • Water leaves tube → interstitial fluid → concentrated urine |
| Effect of GFR too fast or too slow on urine: | Too fast: Not enough reabsorption → ↑ urine output Too slow: Too much reabsorption → low urine output (From GFR regulation section.) |
| Changing GFR affects reabsorption and BP how? | Fast GFR = less reabsorption → ↓ blood volume → ↓ BP • Slow GFR = more reabsorption → ↑ blood volume → ↑ BP |
| Factors that change GFR: | Plasma colloid osmotic pressure • Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure • Glomerular membrane permeability • Renal blood flow |
| Effect of arteriole diameter changes on GFR: Afferent constriction | ↓ GFR |
| Effect of arteriole diameter changes on GFR: Afferent dilation: | ↑ GFR |
| Effect of arteriole diameter changes on GFR: Efferent constriction | ↑ GFR |
| Effect of arteriole diameter changes on GFR: Efferent dilation | ↓ GFR |
| Mechanisms triggered by low BP: | Sympathetic nerves → ↑ CO, ↑ TPR • Afferent arteriole constriction → ↓ GFR → ↑ Na⁺ & water reabsorption • JG cells release renin → activates RAA system → ↑ BP |
| Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone pathway: | Low BP/low NaCl/low flow/sympathetic stimulation → JG cells release renin • Renin converts angiotensinogen → Ang I • ACE converts Ang I → Ang II |
| Ang II causes: | — Vasoconstriction — Thirst — ↑ ADH — ↑ Aldosterone (↑ Na⁺ reabsorption) All ↑ BP and ECF volume |
| What is atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)? | Released when ECF volume high • Inhibits Na⁺ reabsorption • Inhibits renin and aldosterone • Promotes Na⁺ and water loss → ↓ BP |
| When osmolarity is high (ECF low), what happens? | Increase intake: thirst + Ang II • Decrease urine output: ADH release • Decrease GFR to retain fluid |
| What are the 3 lines of defense against changes in H+ concentration? | Buffers: bicarb (ECF), proteins (ICF), phosphate (urine) Respiratory system: adjusts CO₂ Renal system: adjusts H⁺ secretion and HCO₃⁻ reabsorption |
| How does the respiratory system regulate H+? | Hyperventilation: ↓ CO₂ → ↓ H⁺ → ↑ pH (alkalosis) • Hypoventilation: ↑ CO₂ → ↑ H⁺ → ↓ pH (acidosis) |
| Respiratory Acidosis | Increase CO2 and HCO3- Decrease pH |
| How does respiratory acidosis occur | OD and hypovebtilation |
| Compensation of respiratory acidosis | increase plasma HCO3- |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | Increases pH decreases CO2 and HCO3- |
| How respiratory alkalosis occurs | hyperventilate, high altitudes |
| Compensation of respiratory alkalosis | decrease plasma HCO3- |
| Metabolic Acidosis | CO2 same Decrease HCO3- and pH |
| How metabolic acidosis occurs | add fixed acids, diarrhea, diabetes |
| Compensation for metabolic acidosis | decrease CO2 |
| Metabolic alkalosis | CO2 same Increase HCO3- and pH |
| How metabolic alkalosis occurs | vomiting |
| compensation for metabolic alkalosis | increase CO2 |
| What would happen if the stomach were removed: Changes in eating habits | Smaller, more frequent meals Chew food very thoroughly Avoid high-sugar meals Separate liquids from meals |
| Would they have to take any vitamin supplements if they have no stomach? Why or why not? | Risk of vitamin and nutrient deficiencies: especially B₁₂ |
| Pick all the correct answers that refer to DIGESTION in the MOUTH Starches only Proteins Fats None Mechanical digestion by chewing | Starches only Mechanical digestion by chewing |
| Pick all of the correct answers that refer to DIGESTION in the STOMACH Starches only Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Butterfats No digestion in the stomach Strong muscles churn and mix to create chyme | Proteins Butterfats Strong muscles churn and mix to create chyme |
| Pick all of the correct answers that refer to DIGESTION in the SMALL INTESTINE Carbohydrates Proteins Fats No digestion here | Carbohydrates Proteins Fats |
| Pick all of the correct answers that refer to DIGESTION in the LARGE INTESTINE Carbohydrates Proteins Fats No enzymes here for digestion | No enzymes here for digestion |
| Pick all of the substances that are SECRETED in the MOUTH Salivary amylase Mucus HCl Pepsinogen Intrinsic factor Gastric lipase Lactase Trypsin | Salivary amylase Mucus |
| Pick all of the correct answers that are SECRETED in the STOMACH Salivary amylase Mucus Pepsinogen Trypsinogen Intrinsic factor Aminopeptidase Gastric lipase HCL Amylase Lactase | Mucus Pepsinogen Intrinsic factor Gastric lipase HCL |
| Pick all of the correct answers that are SECRETED in the SMALL INTESTINE Sucrase Lactase Maltase Mucus Secretin Cholecystokinin Enterokinase Pepsin Aminopeptidase Carboxypeptidase | Sucrase Lactase Maltase Mucus Secretin Cholecystokinin Enterokinase Aminopeptidase |
| Which ONE of the following is NOT secreted from the pancreas? Bicarbonate Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase Aminopeptidase Amylase Lipase | Aminopeptidase |
| How much absorption happens in the mouth | Almost no absorption. Some drugs absorbed sublingual |
| How much absorption happens in the large intestine | Absorption of water, electrolytes, vitamins |
| How much absorption happens in the Small intestine | Most absorption happens here |
| How much absorption happens in the Stomach | Little absorption. Tight junctions between cells. Alcohol, aspirin, water, glucose might be absorbed |
| Which of these enzymes do NOT digest proteins? Pepsin Trypsin Lactase Carboxypeptidase Aminopeptidase Amylase | Lactase Amylase |
| Which organ produces and secretes bile? Stomach Liver Gall bladder Pancreas | Liver |
| The large intestine secretes mucus True False | true |
| Urethra | Carries urine from the bladder to be excreted |
| Ureter | Carries urine from the kidney to the bladder |
| Function of Distal convoluted tube | Main site where aldosterone acts |
| Which is FALSE about the glomerular membrane capillary endothelium has tight junct. to prevent loss of important things basement membrane helps keep proteins from being eliminated glomerular membrane keeps out large and - charged substances | The capillary endothelium has tight junctions to prevent loss of important substances |
| The afferent arteriole has a wider diameter than the efferent arteriole True False | T |
| Would the following tend to favor filtration or oppose it? Glomerular capillary pressure | Favor |
| Would the following tend to favor filtration or oppose it? Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure | Oppose |
| Would the following tend to favor filtration or oppose it? A blockage in the peritubular capillary | Oppose |
| Would the following tend to favor filtration or oppose it? Plasma osmotic pressure | Oppose |
| Would the following tend to favor filtration or oppose it? Liver disease/ less plasma protein | Favor |
| Which is true about reabsorption? Na is passively reabsorbed and doesn't need energy The tubular maximum for glucose describes the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed in a time Reabsorption of glucose occurs in the collecting tubule | The tubular maximum for glucose describes the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed in a certain time |
| If the plasma concentration of a substance is 100 mg/100 ml and the GFR is 125 ml/min, then what is the filtered load? Be sure to use proper units!! | 125 mg/min |
| If the plasma concentration of a substance is 100 mg/100 ml, the GFR is 125 ml/min, and the Tm is 200 mg/min, how much of the substance is excreted? Be sure to use proper units!! | 0 |
| Which is true about the loop of Henle? The descending limb is impermeable to water The fluid surrounding the loop gets more dilute as you go deeper down The fluid leaving the loop is hypo-osmotic The fluid entering the loop is hyperosmotic | The fluid leaving the loop is hypo-osmotic |
| ADH is secreted when the interstitial fluid is hypotonic True False | F |
| Constricting the efferent arteriole would increase production of urine True False | T |
| Which happen with decreased BP, when the body is trying to raise BP. Pick ALL that occur Increased CO Decreased sympathetic NS Dilate afferent arteriole Decrease GFR Increase sodium reabsorption Increase aldosterone Inhibit renin secretion | Increased cardiac output Decrease GFR Increase sodium reabsorption Increase aldosterone |
| Which of these does angiotensin II do? Vasoconstrictor Increases thirst Increases secretion ADH Increases secretion aldosterone All of these are true | All of these are true |
| When pH gets too low, respiration rate increases True False | T |
| Which is true : A person with type I diabetes hasn't taken their insulin and are experiencing ketoacidosis. respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis compensated by increasing ventilation rate compensated by reabsorbing more H+ | This is compensated by increasing ventilation rate |
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Kayla_K