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anatomy 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of the skeleton system? | Support the body, protect soft organs, allow movement, store minerals and fats, blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) |
| If you were to break a shaft in a long bone, what part of the bone is actually broken? | Diaphysis |
| When appositional growth is happening, what cells add to the bone matrix outside of the diaphysis? | Osteoblasts building in periosteum |
| What is appositional growth? | Bones growth in width |
| What are the two types of bone tissue? | Compact, Spongy (cancellous) |
| What does hypercalcemia promote? | Calcium storage to bones |
| What is ossification? | Bone formation |
| What are the 4 steps in bone healing IN ORDER? | Hematoma forms, fibrocartilage callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs |
| What is the axial system composed of? | Skull, vertebral column, bony thorax |
| What tissue covers the epiphysis bones and reduces frictions in the joints? | Articular cartilage |
| What does yellow marrow do? | Contains/stores fat (energy) |
| What does the epiphyseal plate do? | Causes lengthwise growth for longbone in childhood |
| What is an osteon? | A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings |
| What runs through osteons? | Blood vessels and nerves |
| Bones are remodeling throughout life in response to what two factors? | Calcium ion levels and pull of gravity + muscles |
| Greenstick fracture | Bone breaks incompletely like a green twig breaks - children |
| Depression fracture | Bone is crushed - porous bones |
| Spiral comminuted fracture | Ragged break from twisting forces - sports fracture |
| Impacted fracture | Broken bones forced into each other - break fall with arms |
| What is the order of the vertebra from superior to inferior? How many are in each section? | Cervical curvature C1 - C7 (Atlas, axis) Thoracic curvature T1 - T12 Lumbar curvature L1 - L5 Sacral curvature (conex) 5 fused Coccyx 4 fused |
| What bones make up your cheekbones? Inside your eye area? Temple area? | Zygomatic, temporal bone, lacrimal |
| Why are floating ribs called floating ribs? | No attachment to the sternum |
| In our vertebra, what does the body do? Where does the spinal cord pass? | Support vertebral foramen |
| On the back of our skull where the occipital bone is located, what structure allows the spinal cord to connect to the brain? | Magnum foramen |
| What are the fontanels? | Fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones "soft spots" |
| What is unique about the hyoid bone? | The only bone that does not articulate with another bone |
| How many true ribs do we have? | 1-7 True ribs (7 total) 8-12 False ribs 11-12 Floating ribs |
| What is the tailbone called? | Coccyx |
| Primary curvature have what shape? Secondary curvature have what shape? | Primary: c-shaped Secondary: s-shaped |
| What bone forms the inner and outer part of the ankle? | Tibia + fibula, medial malleolus + lateral mallelous Calcaneus (heel bone) Talus (ankle) |
| What are the bones called that are found in the hand? Feet? | Carpals = hand (Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges) Tarsals = feet (Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges) |
| What bones make up the forearm? Lower leg? | Ulna + radia, tibia + fibula |
| Know how to tell the difference between a male and female pelvis | females is wider, male is narrower |
| Hinge joint | Synovial |
| Skull sutures | Fibrous |
| Created by intervertebral discs | Cartilaginous |
| Created by public symphysis | Cartilaginous |
| Created by teeth and mandible or maxillary bones | Fibrous |
| What is articulation? | Joints; where two bones meet |
| What is the difference between synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses? | Synarthroses - immovable joints Amphiarthroses - slightly movable joints Diarthroses - freely movable joints |
| What is osteoporosis? | A bone-thinning disease |
| What are examples of long bones? Flat bones? Short Bones? Irregular? | Long bones - Femur, tibia, humerus, radius Flat bones - Most skull bones, ribs, sternum Short bones - Carpals, tarsals Irregular bones - Vertebrae, hip bones |
| What are the subdivisions of the skeleton? | The axial and appendicular skeleton |
| How many bones does adult skeleton have | 206 |
| What is the purpose of red marrow? | Blood cell formation in infants until ages 6 or...7!!! |
| What lines the inner surface of the shaft and is made of connective tissue? | Endosteum |
| What are the ends of bones composed mostly of Spongy bone called? | Epiphysis |
| What is the outside covering of the diaphysis? | Periosteum |
| What are projections/processes? | Grow out of the bone surface Term often begin with "T" |
| What are depressions/cavities? | Indentations Terms often begin with "F" |
| What part of the bone makes it have great tensile strength? | Organic parts (collagen fibers) |
| What are trabeculae? | Small needlelike pieces of bone in the Spongy bone |
| What are lacunae? | Cavities in bone matrix that house osteocytes |
| What are lamellae? | Concentric circles of lacunae situated around the central (haversian) canal |
| What is central (haversian) canal? | Opening in the center of osteon, carries blood vessels and nerves |
| What is canalculli? | Tiny canals that forma a transport system connecting all bones to a nutrient supply |
| What are perforating (vakmanns) canal | Canal perpendicular to central canal |
| What is bone growth controlled by? | Hormones |
| What are bones remodeled in response to? | Calcium ion levels in blood (determines when it is broken down/formed) Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton (determines where it is to be broken down/formed) |
| What are bone fractures treated by? | Treated by reduction and immobilization Closed reduction: manually coaxed into position by physician Open reduction: put in position by pins/wires |
| What is the difference between fibrous, cartiaginous, and synovial joints | Fibrous - generally immovable Cartilaginous - immovable or slightly movable Synovial - freely movable |
| What is syndesmoses/gomphoses | Syndesmoses - more movement than sutures but still immobile, found on distal ends of tibia and fibula Gomphoses - immobiles, found where teeth meet facial bones |
| What is synchrondrosis/symphysis | Synchondrosis - immobile, found in epiphyseal plates of growing long bones Symphysis - slightly movable, found in the pubic symphysis/intevertebral joints |
| What are the four distinguishing features of synovial joints? | Articular cartilage, articular capsule, joint cavity, reinforcing ligaments |
| What are bursae? | Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and filled with synovial fluid |
| What is a tendon sheath? | Elongated bursae that wraps around a tendon |
| When is a child's skull nearly adult in size and proportion | 8 or 9 |
| What two sets of bones form the skull? | cranium and facial bones |
| How many bones is appendicular skeleton composed of | 126 bones |
Created by:
serenitylockard