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exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is acquired immunity? | Immunity developed after exposure to a specific antigen |
| What is active immunity? | Immunity gained when the body produces its own antibodies or T cells |
| What is passive immunity? | Immunity gained by receiving pre-formed antibodies |
| What is adaptive immunity? | Specific immunity that develops memory after exposure to antigens |
| What is innate immunity? | Non-specific immunity present from birth |
| What is natural immunity? | Immunity naturally present without prior exposure |
| What is cell-mediated immunity? | Immune response involving T lymphocytes |
| What is humoral immunity? | Immune response involving B lymphocytes and antibodies |
| What is a B lymphocyte (B cell)? | White blood cell that produces antibodies |
| What is a T lymphocyte (T cell)? | White blood cell involved in cell-mediated immunity |
| What are helper T cells? | T cells that activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages |
| What are cytotoxic T cells? | T cells that kill infected or abnormal cells |
| What are suppressor/regulatory T cells? | T cells that inhibit immune responses to prevent overreaction |
| What are plasma cells? | Activated B cells that secrete antibodies |
| What is a memory cell? | Long-lived lymphocyte that responds faster upon re-exposure to antigen |
| What is a phagocyte? | Cell that ingests and destroys pathogens |
| What are macrophages? | Large phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens and present antigens |
| What are leucocytes? | White blood cells |
| What is a dendritic cell? | Antigen-presenting cell that activates T cells |
| What is a natural killer (NK) cell? | Lymphocyte that kills virus-infected and tumor cells without prior activation |
| What is an antibody (immunoglobulin)? | Protein produced by B cells that binds specific antigens |
| What is an antigen? | Substance that triggers an adaptive immune response |
| What is a complete antigen? | Antigen capable of triggering both antibody production and T cell response |
| What is an incomplete antigen (hapten)? | Substance that can elicit an immune response only when attached to a carrier |
| What is the variable region of an antibody? | Part that binds to a specific antigen |
| What is the constant region of an antibody? | Part that determines antibody class and function |
| What is a heavy chain? | Larger polypeptide chain of an antibody |
| What is a light chain? | Smaller polypeptide chain of an antibody |
| What is a cytokine? | Signaling protein released by immune cells |
| What is inflammation? | Immune response causing redness, heat, swelling, and pain |
| What are prostaglandins? | Chemical mediators that contribute to inflammation and fever |
| What is edema? | Swelling caused by fluid accumulation |
| What is histamine? | Chemical released by mast cells that increases vascular permeability |
| What is fever? | Elevated body temperature to inhibit microbial growth and enhance immune response |
| What is opsonization? | Coating of pathogens with antibodies or complement to enhance phagocytosis |
| What is the complement system? | Proteins in the blood that enhance cytolysis, opsonization, and inflammation |
| What is cytolysis? | Destruction of cell membranes by the complement system |
| What is an enzymatic cascade? | Series of reactions where one enzyme activates another, e.g., complement activation |
| What is the first line of defense? | Mechanical and chemical barriers like skin and mucous membranes |
| What is the second line of defense? | Nonspecific cellular and chemical defenses including phagocytes, inflammation, and complement |
| What is a chemical barrier? | Substances like lysozyme, stomach acid, and defensins that inhibit pathogens |
| What is a mechanical barrier? | Physical structures that prevent pathogen entry, e.g., skin, mucous, cilia |
| What is a temperature barrier? | Fever or normal body temperature that inhibits pathogen growth |
| What is herd immunity? | Protection of a population when a high percentage is immune to a disease |
| What is vaccination? | Administration of antigens to stimulate immunity |
| What is a vaccine? | Preparation that induces immunity to a specific pathogen |
| What is an attenuated vaccine? | Vaccine using live, weakened pathogens |
| What is a whole killed vaccine? | Vaccine using dead pathogens |
| What is a toxoid vaccine? | Vaccine using inactivated bacterial toxins |
| What is a recombinant vaccine? | Vaccine using genetically engineered antigens |
| What is resistance? | Ability of the host to prevent or overcome infection |
| What is a pathogen? | Microorganism that causes disease |
| What is a host? | Organism that harbors a pathogen |
| What is a carrier? | Individual who harbors and spreads a pathogen without symptoms |
| What is contagious? | Able to be transmitted from one host to another |
| What is endemic? | Disease constantly present in a population |
| What is epidemic? | Widespread occurrence of disease in a population |
| What is pandemic? | Global outbreak of disease |
| What is a reservoir? | Natural habitat where a pathogen normally lives |
| What is a vector? | Organism that transmits a pathogen to another host |
| What is zoonotic? | Disease transmitted from animals to humans |
| What is an infection? | Invasion and multiplication of pathogens in the host |
| What is an acute infection? | Rapid onset infection with short duration |
| What is a chronic infection? | Long-lasting infection |
| What is a latent infection? | Infection present but not currently causing symptoms |
| What is an opportunistic infection? | Infection by normally harmless microbes in immunocompromised hosts |
| What is nosocomial infection? | Hospital-acquired infection |
| What is illness? | State of being sick |
| Which virus causes influenza? | Influenza virus (A, B, C) |
| Which viruses cause the common cold? | Rhinovirus, Coronavirus (non-SARS-CoV-2) |
| Which virus causes COVID-19? | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Which virus causes measles? | Measles virus |
| Which virus causes mumps? | Mumps virus |
| Which virus causes rubella? | Rubella virus |
| Which virus causes chickenpox? | Varicella-zoster virus |
| Which virus causes shingles? | Varicella-zoster virus (reactivation) |
| Which virus causes hepatitis A? | Hepatitis A virus |
| Which virus causes hepatitis B? | Hepatitis B virus |
| Which virus causes hepatitis C? | Hepatitis C virus |
| Which virus causes HIV/AIDS? | HIV-1, HIV-2 |
| Which virus causes oral herpes? | HSV-1 |
| Which virus causes genital herpes? | HSV-2 |
| Which virus causes neonatal herpes? | HSV-1 or HSV-2 |
| Which virus causes mono? | Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) |
| Which virus causes HPV infections? | Human papillomavirus (HPV) |
| Which virus causes rabies? | Rabies virus |
| Which virus causes polio? | Poliovirus |
| Which virus causes dengue fever? | Dengue virus |
| Which virus causes Zika virus infection? | Zika virus |
| Which virus causes Ebola virus disease? | Ebola virus |
| Which virus causes smallpox? | Variola virus |
| Which viruses cause viral conjunctivitis? | Adenovirus, Enterovirus |
| Which viruses cause viral gastroenteritis? | Rotavirus, Norovirus, Astrovirus, Adenovirus (enteric types) |
| Which virus causes yellow fever? | Yellow fever virus |
| What organism causes MRSA? | Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-resistant strain) |
| What organism causes impetigo? | Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes |
| What organism causes cellulitis? | Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes |
| What organism causes necrotizing fasciitis? | Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep) or Vibrio species |
| What organism causes swimmer’s ear (otitis externa)? | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| What organism causes acne? | Propionibacterium acnes |
| What organism causes anthrax? | Bacillus anthracis |
| What organisms cause bacterial pink eye (conjunctivitis)? | Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Staphylococcus aureus |
| What organism causes strep throat? | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| What organism causes scarlet fever? | Streptococcus pyogenes with bacteriophage present |
| What organisms cause otitis media? | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis |
| What organism causes diphtheria? | Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
| What organisms cause bacterial pneumonia? | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae |
| What organism causes tuberculosis? | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| What organism causes pertussis (whooping cough)? | Bordetella pertussis |
| What organisms cause salmonellosis? | Salmonella enterica, S. bongori |
| What organism causes staph food poisoning? | Staphylococcus aureus (enterotoxin) |
| What organism causes E. coli food poisoning? | Escherichia coli O157:H7 (Shiga-toxin producing) |
| What organism causes cholera? | Vibrio cholerae |
| What organism causes peptic ulcers? | Helicobacter pylori |
| What organism causes C. diff infection? | Clostridioides difficile |
| What organisms commonly cause sepsis? | Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| What organisms cause toxic shock syndrome? | Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes |
| What organism causes cat scratch fever? | Bartonella henselae |
| What organism causes Lyme disease? | Borrelia burgdorferi |
| What organism causes bubonic plague (Black Plague)? | Yersinia pestis |
| What causes alpha-gal syndrome? | Lone Star tick bite introducing alpha-gal sugar, triggering IgE-mediated allergy |
Created by:
lgraves1969