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EUKARYOTIC CELLS S+F
structure and functions of the eukaryotic cell organelles
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nucleus 1 | - command centre of the cell - usually near the center - separated from cytiplasm bythe nuclear envelope |
| Nucleus 2 | - consists of double layer of membrane - nucleur pores permit exchange between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm - contains chromatin DNA of genes - condenses to form chromosones - dark nucleolus composed of rRNA - produces subunits of ribosomes |
| Ribosomes | - serve in proyein synthesis - composed of rRNA and protein - add a small subunit - subunits made in nucleus - may be located ; on the endoplasmic reticulum (rough or smooth) free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups called polyribosomes |
| Endomembrane system | - resttict enzymatic reactions to specific compartments within cells consists of : nucler envelope membranes of endoplasmic reticulum golgi aparatus vesicles several types transport materials between organelles of system |
| endoplasmic reticulum | - rough ER - studded with ribosomes on cytoplasmic side - protein anabolism - synthesizes protein - modifies protein - adds sugar to protein and results in glycoproteins - smooth ER - no ribosomes - synthesis of lipids |
| Golgi Apparatus 1 | -consits of 3-20 flatened curves cisternae - resembles stack of hollow pancakes - modifies proteins and lipids - packaged them in vesicles - recieves vesicles from ER or cis face - prepares for shipment in vesicles from trans face within/export |
| Golgi apparatus 2 | Proteins and lipids manufactured on the rough and smooth ER membranes are transported into the Golgi apparatus and modified as they pass through it |
| Mitochondria 1 | Typically tubular or sausage shaped about the size of a bacterium. • Found in all types of eukaryotic cells • Mitochondria have two membranes; a smooth outer membrane and an inner one folded into numerous contiguous layers called cristae. |
| mitochondria 2 | There are two compartments in the mitochondria. • Matrix lies inside mitthe inner membrane. • Intermembrane space lies between the two-mitochondrial membranes |
| mitochondria 3 | - On the surface of the inner membrane and also embedded within it, are proteins that carry out oxidative metabolism, the process that produces ATP using oxygen. - mitochondria have their own dna |
| mitochondria 4 | A eukaryotic cell does not produce new mitochondria each time the cell divides. Mitochondria themselves divide in two, doubling in number, and these are divided between the new cells.- More in number in energy requiring cells |
| chloroplast 1 | Bounded by double membrane • Inner membrane infolded • Forms disc-like thylakoids, which are stacked to form grana • Suspended in semi-fluid stroma • Green due to chlorophyll • Green photosynthetic pigment • found only in chloroplast |
| chloroplast 2 | Captures light energy to drive cellular machinery • Photosynthesis • Synthesizes carbohydrates from CO2 & H2O • Makes own food using CO2 as only carbon source • Energy-poor compounds converted to energy rich compounds |
| Lysomes 1 | Membrane-bound vesicles (not in plants)single membrane • Produced by the Golgi apparatus • Low pH • Contain lytic enzymes • Digestion of large molecules • Recycling of cellular resources • Apoptosis (programmed cell death, like tadpole losing tail |
| lysomes 2 | Some genetic diseases: Caused by defect in lysosomal enzyme • In healthy cells,large molecules, such as glycolipids and glycogen, are broken down into functional units by lysosomal enzymes. |
| lysomes 3 | • In lysosomal storage disorders, the cell is unable to produce an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of large molecules which leads to cell death. |
| peroxisomes 1 | Similar to lysosomes • Membrane-bounded vesicles (single membrane) • Enclose enzymes |
| peroxisomes 2 | • However • Enzymes synthesized by free ribosomes in cytoplasm (instead of ER) • Active in lipid metabolism • Catalyze reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide H2O2 • Toxic • Broken down to water & O2 by catalase |
| vacuoles 1 | Membranous sacs that are larger than vesicles • Store materials that occur in excess • Others very specialized (contractile vacuole) • Plants cells typically have a central vacuole • Up to 90% volume of some cells |
| vacuoles 2 | • Functions in: • Storage of water, nutrients, pigments, and waste products • Development of turgor pressure • Some functions performed by lysosomes in other eukaryotes |
| cytoskeleton 1 | The cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells is criss-crossed by a network of protein fibres that supports the shape of the cell and anchors organelles to fixed locations. |
| cytoskeleton 2 | • Cytoskeleton is responsible for : ✓ Cell shape ✓ Cell movement ✓ Intracellular movement |
| cytoskeleton 3 | network is called the cytoskeleton,it is orming and disassembling. This structure is both muscle and skeleton, for movement and stability. |
| cytoskeleton 4 | There are three types of protein fibres that make up the cytoskeleton network: -1, Microtubules, 2 Microfilaments / Actin Filaments,3. Intermediate Filaments |
| cytoskeleton microtubules 1-3 | 1.Microtubules are cylindrical tubes, 20-25 nm in diameter. 2.They are composed of subunits of the protein Tubulin. 3.Microtubules act as a scaffold to determine cell shape, and provide a set of "tracks" for cell organelles and vesicles to move on. |
| cytoskeleton microtubules 4-5 | 4.Microtubules also form the spindle fibres for separating chromosomes during mitosis. 5. When arranged in geometric patterns inside flagella and cilia, they are used forlocomotion |
| The Cytoskeleton-Microfilaments (Actin filaments) 1 | - Microfilaments are fine, thread-like protein fibers, 3-6 nm in diameter. • They are composed predominantly of a contractile protein called actin, which is the most abundant cellular protein. |
| The Cytoskeleton-Microfilaments (Actin filaments) 2 | • Microfilaments' association with the protein myosin is responsible for muscle contraction. • Microfilaments can also carry out cellular movements including gliding, contraction, and cytokinesis. • Move material around the cell |
| The Cytoskeleton-Intermediate Filaments1 | • They are a rope-like assembly of fibrous polypeptides. • Some intermediate filaments support the nuclear envelope, whereas others support the plasma membrane and take part in the formation of cell-to-cell functions. |
| The Cytoskeleton-Intermediate Filaments3 | • The cytoskeleton can be compared to the bones and muscles of an animal – gives structure and movement. • The elements of the cytoskeleton can assemble and disassemble as appropriate. |
| The Cytoskeleton-Intermediate Filaments 2 | • Intermediate filaments are about 10 nm diameter and provide tensile (stretched) strength for the cell. • Vary in nature • From tissue to tissue • From time to time |
Created by:
ldeasy