1. What are the primary mechanisms of the digestive system?

Ingestion, secretion, motility, digestion (mechanical & chemical), absorption, and elimination.

2. How does spirometry measure airflow?

It measures volumes and flow rates during forced breathing to detect obstructive or restrictive lung disease.

3. What is a flow-volume loop?

A graph showing the speed of airflow on inhalation and exhalation to assess lung function.

4. What is mechanical digestion?

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces without changing chemical structure (e.g., chewing, churning, mixing).

5. What is the function of mastication?

Chewing food to increase surface area, mix with saliva, and form a bolus for swallowing.

6. What are the three stages of deglutition (swallowing)?

Oral stage – voluntary; tongue pushes bolus to the oropharynx. Pharyngeal stage – involuntary; epiglottis closes airway, pharynx contracts. Esophageal stage – involuntary; peristalsis moves bolus to stomach.

7. What is peristalsis?

Wave-like muscular contractions that propel food forward through the GI tract.

8. What is segmentation?

Back-and-forth mixing movements in the small intestine that help with digestion and nutrient absorption

9. How does the stomach empty?

Chyme is released through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum, controlled by gastric motility and hormonal signals (like gastric inhibitory peptide).

10. What is tidal volume (TV)?

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath (~500 mL).

11. What is an enzyme?

A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions. Enzymes are classified by what they act on (proteases, lipases, amylases, etc.).

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Rebecca Ansumana

Physiology week 7 to 13

Question	Answer
1. What are the primary mechanisms of the digestive system?	Ingestion, secretion, motility, digestion (mechanical & chemical), absorption, and elimination.
2. How does spirometry measure airflow?	It measures volumes and flow rates during forced breathing to detect obstructive or restrictive lung disease.
3. What is a flow-volume loop?	A graph showing the speed of airflow on inhalation and exhalation to assess lung function.
4. What is mechanical digestion?	The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces without changing chemical structure (e.g., chewing, churning, mixing).
5. What is the function of mastication?	Chewing food to increase surface area, mix with saliva, and form a bolus for swallowing.
6. What are the three stages of deglutition (swallowing)?	Oral stage – voluntary; tongue pushes bolus to the oropharynx. Pharyngeal stage – involuntary; epiglottis closes airway, pharynx contracts. Esophageal stage – involuntary; peristalsis moves bolus to stomach.
7. What is peristalsis?	Wave-like muscular contractions that propel food forward through the GI tract.
8. What is segmentation?	Back-and-forth mixing movements in the small intestine that help with digestion and nutrient absorption
9. How does the stomach empty?	Chyme is released through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum, controlled by gastric motility and hormonal signals (like gastric inhibitory peptide).
10. What is tidal volume (TV)?	The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath (~500 mL).
11. What is an enzyme?	A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions. Enzymes are classified by what they act on (proteases, lipases, amylases, etc.).

Created by: rebecca.ansumana

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