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VikramdeepSaini
Physiology Weeks 7-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two main types of gastrointestinal motility, and what is the primary purpose of each? | Peristalsis: wavelike contractions that propel food forward through the GI tract. Segmentation: forward-and-backward mixing movements that break down food particles and mix them with digestive juices |
| In what three forms is carbon dioxide transported in blood? | 1. As bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) in plasma – ~70% (largest portion) 2. Bound to hemoglobin and other proteins as carbaminohemoglobin – ~20% 3. Physically dissolved in plasma – ~10% |
| What is the difference between anatomical dead space and physiological dead space? | Anatomical dead space: Volume of conducting airways that does not participate in gas exchange. Physiological dead space = anatomical dead space + alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused (or poorly perfused). |
| Name the five classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins) and give the key feature or location of each. | IgM – 1st response, pentamer, best complement fixer IgG – most abundant, crosses placenta, secondary response IgA – secretions (saliva, tears, milk, mucus) IgE – mast cell/basophil binding → allergy & parasites IgD – mainly on naïve B-cell surface |
| What are the two branches of adaptive immunity? | Humoral → B cells produce antibodies Cell-mediated → T cells directly attack or regulate |
| Classic signs of inflammation and what causes each? | Redness → vasodilation Heat → vasodilation + pyrogens Swelling → ↑ capillary permeability Pain → kinins/prostaglandins + pressure from edema (Loss of function often 5th sign) |
| What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system? | 1. Return excess interstitial fluid/protein to blood (prevents edema) 2. Immunity (lymph nodes filter lymph, house lymphocytes) 3. Absorb and transport dietary fats (lacteals → thoracic duct) |
| Main factors that control stroke volume? | 1. Preload (EDV → Frank-Starling) 2. Contractility (epinephrine, norepinephrine, Ca²⁺) 3. Afterload (high BP or aortic stenosis ↓ SV) |
| Four chambers of the heart and four valves — names and locations? | Chambers: Right atrium → Right ventricle → Left atrium → Left ventricle Valves: Tricuspid (right AV) Pulmonary (right SL) Mitral/bicuspid (left AV) Aortic (left SL) |
| What hormone is produced by the heart and its function? | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide: primary effect is to oppose increases in blood volume or blood pressure; also, an antagonist to ADH and aldosterone |
| Major parts of the brainstem and one vital function each. | Medulla → heart rate, breathing, vomiting, swallowing Pons → relays info, helps control breathing Midbrain → eye movement, visual/auditory reflexes (corpora quadrigemina) |
| What creates the resting membrane potential (RMP) of –70 mV and how is it maintained? | Inside negative because: Na⁺/K⁺ pump constantly pumps 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in Membrane more permeable to K⁺ than Na⁺ → K⁺ leaks out Result: slight excess of positive ions outside → RMP ≈ –70 mV |
Created by:
SuperSaini