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Anatomy Unit 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Endocrine System | Endo- = inner Cell, tissues, organs that comprise it secrete substances into the internal environment |
| Exocrine | - means outer - secretes fluid outside of body (sweat) - digestive and urinary system = excretory |
| What does the endocrine system help regulate? | - metabolic process - chemical reactions - electrolyte balance - blood pressure |
| What does the endocrine system play a role in? | - reproduction - development - growth |
| What do glands do | secrete hormones |
| Major glands | - pituitary (brain) - thyroid (neck) - adrenal (kidney) - pancreas |
| What are hormones | - secreted substances - messenger molecules - hormones deliver messages to target cells, has an impact on a target cell - released from glands |
| Where are hormones secreted to | - secreted from glands - go into bloodstream |
| Target cells effect | - they act on certain cells, some distance away in the body - they have specific receptors that other body cells lack |
| Regulation of hormone secretion | - hormone secretion is precisely regulated in order to maintain body at homeostasis - whether a hormone is released or not it is controlled by 3 mechanisms |
| Hypothalamus | homeostasis |
| Nervous system | stimulates some glands directly |
| respond to body's environment | ex: increase in blood glucose, secrete insulin, decrease in blood glucose, secrete glucagons |
| negative feedback | - amount of hormone released controlled by loop - when the body is taken away from a set point |
| Set point | - when the body is in stable condition - when taken away from this point, body wants to go back to it |
| pituitary gland location | - base of brain |
| Pituitary gland anterior hormones | - growth hormone - adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) - prolactin |
| Pituitary gland posterior hormones | - antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - oxytocin |
| Thyroid gland location | - 2 large lateral lobes - just below larynx, below larynx in neck |
| Thyroid gland hormones | - thyroxine (t3) - triiodothyronine (t4) - calcitonin - parathormone |
| Adrenal gland location | - sit on top of each kidney - shaped like pyramids - cortex: outside Adrenal gland - medulla: inside adrenal gland |
| Adrenal gland hormones | Catecholamines - epinephrine - norepinephrine Mineralocorticoids - aldesterone Glucortistols - cortisol |
| Pancreas (Endo and exo) | - endocrine and exocrine gland (digestive system) - endocrine system releases hormones |
| Pancreas hormones | - glucagon - insulin |
| Hypersecretion | - high rate of hormone secretion |
| Hyposecretion | - low rate of hormone secretion |
| Growth hormone | - stimulates growth - cell reproduction - cell regeneration |
| Growth hormone is released where | - pitituary gland - anterior pituitary - amount that is released is regulated by hypothalamus |
| Target cells and effect (growth) | targets all body cells - increases size of cell - increases rate of cell division (increase mitosis) |
| Target cells and proteins | - enhances movement of amino acids into cells - stimulates growth - increase protein synthesis |
| Growth hormone conditions of secretion | - release hormone at night when sleeping - secrete it a lot as a child - release it much less as adult - helps body heal from injuries and body structure |
| Hypersecretion - childhood | - gigantism - too much hormone released from early age - everything grows bigger |
| Hypersecretion - adulthood | - acromegaly - usually from pituitary tumor - heaviness of jaw and increase in size of digits |
| Hyposecretion | (in childhood) - pituitary dwarfism - body normally proportional and no mental deficiencies |
| Insulin and Glucagon | - released by pancreas - respond to body's environment - hormones release based on glucose levels in blood |
| Glucose | - starch (carbohydrates) is sugar or glucose - travels around body in blood - not always used immediately - glucose is stored to be used later |
| Glycogen | - stored glucose - glucose is converted to this in the liver, muscle, and fat cells - glycogen is stored here |
| why do you need to have a certain amount of glucose in the blood | - makes ATP (energy) in the body - your brains main source of food |
| Insulin/Glucagon target cells and effects | these hormones target the liver, muscles, and fat cells (because glycogen is stored here) |
| Insulin Target cells | - causes these cells to take in glucose from the blood -works in conjunction with glucagon |
| glucagon target cells | - causes these cells to release glucose into the blood |
| Insulin | -promote target cells to take in glucose from the blood, decreasing blood glucose levels - glucose travels, taken by target cells, converted to glycogen, stored for later |
| Glucagon | - increase glucose in blood - glycogen breaks down glucose, glucose is released in bloodstream |
| Conditions of secretion of glucose | - based on condition of body - negative feedback loop - amount in blood determines amount released |
| When do you release insulin/glucagon | After you eat, Insulin Haven't eaten, glucagon During a workout, glucagon |
| Diabetes | - condition where levels of glucose in blood are too high - insulin is whats not working properly |
| Type 1 Diabetes | - insulin is very little or not made at all = Hyperglycemia: glucose can't be stored, stays in blood - insulin shot, diet, exercise |
| Type 2 Diabetes | - target cells don't respond to insulin - hyperglycemia - glucose stays in blood, can't be stored - gain weight easily - exercise and diet |
| Triiodothyronine + Thyroxine | known as T2 + T4 |
| T3 + T4 release | - both released by thyroid gland - pituitary gland sends out thyroid - stimulating hormone - (TSH) which triggers T2 + T4 to be released from thyroid gland |
| Thyroid gland travel (T3/T4) | T3-T4 travels in blood bound to plasma proteins until reached target |
| T3/T4 target cells | - virtually every type of cell in the human body - except spleen and testes |
| T3 + T4 target cell effects | - they effect target cells by increasing metabolic rate - regulates the break down of carbohydrates, fats, proteins |
| T3 / T4 conditions of secretion | - constantly secreted in bood - as it has to break down chemical all the time - negative feedback loop amount a blood determines amount released |
| T3/T4 hypersecretion | - increased metabolic rate - loss of weight |
| hyposecretion of t3/t4 | - leads to decreased metabolic rate - gain weight |
| goiter disease | - swelling of thyroid gland - caused by iodine deficiency |
| graves disease | - overactive thyroid releasing too much hormone - hyperthyroidism - multiple symptoms: weight loss, insomnia, hand tremors |
| Stress hormones | epinephrine/ norepinephrine and cortisol |
| Epinephrine/norepinephrine | - released from adrenal medulla - hormones also called catechholamines (adrerline) |
| Cortisol | released by and real cortex - hormone= glucocorticod is triggered by ACTH from pituitary gland. - ACTH is needed to release hormones from adrenal cortex |
| Epinephrine/nepinephine target cells | - same as fight/flight response, (symphatetic nervous system). |
| Target cells - epinephrine/norepinephrine effect of heart | - increase heart rate and stroke volume - elevated blood pressure |
| Target cells epinephrine/norepinephrine respiratory center | - increases rate of breathing |
| Target cells - epinephrine/norepinephrine, gastrointestinal system. | - reduces digestive activity - diversity blood to the tissue |
| Cortisol cell in | - increase blood, glucose, levels, glycogen to glucose |
| Cortisol target cells in all tissues | - aids in fat, protein, and carbohydrates metabolism |
| Cortisol target cells on nervous system | - suppresses immune system |
| Epinephrine/norepinephrine release stress | released in times of stress (fight or flight) when stimulated by nervous system |
| Cortisol release (stress) | - triggered by ACTH from pituitary gland to be released in times of stress - regulated by hypothalamus |
| Cortisol leaves throughout the day | - cortisol levels peak early in the morning and lowest at night - cortisol helps you wake up and keep your body moving in the morning |
| Cushing's syndrome | - tumor in pituitary gland that causes oversecretion of ACTH (and cortisol) - disease causes, weight's gain, lower tissue protein, levels elevated blood glucose moon face |
| Addison's disease (autoimmune) | - adrenal cortex does not secrete hormones normally - immune system attacks adrenal gland - symptoms: low blood sodium, low blood glucose, low blood pressure |
| Epinephrine Autoinjection (Epi-pen) | - injects a shot of epinephrine into body - use in area with a lot of muscle - vasoconstrictior = increasing blood pressure - opens airways: helps deal with itching, wheezing, and hives |
| Calcitonin is released by the | thyroid gland |
| Parathormone gland is released by the | parathyroid gland |
| Parathyroid gland | four small round glands located on the back of the thyroid gland |
| Need to have a certain amount of calcium in blood at all times | bones, muscles, nerves, all need calcium to work properly |
| Calcitonin nad Parathormone target | bones, intestines, and kidneys |
| Calcitionin | reduce calcium in the blood |
| Parathormone | increase the concentration of calcium in the blood |
| calcitonin effect on target cells | - reduce calcium in blood - inhibit calcium absorption - brings calcium into bones - reabsorption of calcium into kidneys |
| Parathormone effect on target cells | - increase calcium in blood - absorption of calcium in intestines - bone breakdown, calcium goes to blood - reabsorption of calcium in kidneys |
| Calcitonin nad Parathormone Conditions of secretion | - based on condition of body - negative feedback loop - amount in blood effects the amount released |
| Osteporosis | parathormone has direct effect - cells that break down bones: osteclasts |
| Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is released by | Posterior pituitary |
| Aldosterone | - adrenal cortex - mineralocorticoid - ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) released from pituitary gland, triggers its release |
| ADH target cells and effects | Kidneys - Increases permeability in water reabsorption - more concentrated urine - vasoconstriction of blood vessels (blood pressure increases) |
| Aldosterone target cells and effects | Kidney - causes sodium reabsorption - increased water reabsorption |
| Both Aldosterone and ADH Target cells do this | Kidneys Increases water retention and blood pressure |
| ADH and aldosterone Condition of seretion | All the time - based on body's environment (how much Na+ is in the body) Negative feedback Responds to blood composition levels (water) |
| Blood pressure goes up - ADH and aldosterone | released in response to low blood pressure |
| Decrease urine production - ADH and Aldosterone | Water taken out of urine and kept inside body |
| Hyposecretion of ADH Can Cause | Diabetes Insipidus Leads to: excessive thirst, Excretion of diluted urine |
| Prolactin is released from the | - anterior pituitary - regulated by hypothalamus |
| Prolactin Target cells and effects | - mammary glands - stimulates and sustains milk production after childbirth - sexual gratification after sexual acts |
| Prolactin Conditions of secretion | - After childbirth (post labor) - breast feeding - during and after sexual intercourse |
| Hypersecretion of prolactin | - impotence (erectile dysfunction) in male - loss of menstrual cycle and infertility in female |
| Oxytocin | the love hormone |
| Oxytocin is released | - posterior pituitary - regulated by hypothalamus |
| Oxytocin Target cells and effects | Mammary glands - release of milk -mechanical stimulation from sucking - both breasts respond Uterus - stretch of uterus - muscle contraction of uterine wall (during labor) |
| Oxytocin is The love hormone because | - sexual arousal, bonding, maternal behavior, contentment, less anxiety, calm and secure feeling with partner - caring - positive effects - yes, males carry the oxytocin hormone - positive feedback loop |
Created by:
Shannonnev0822