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Stack #4582772
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In social psychology, what is the fundamental definition of 'attraction'? | The desire to approach another individual. |
| What are the three major factors of interpersonal attraction identified in social psychology? | Similarity, physical attractiveness, and proximity/exposure. |
| What is the 'propinquity effect' in the context of attraction? | The finding that physical proximity or geographical nearness predicts attraction. |
| The likelihood of contact created by the environment, which shapes attraction and friendship, is known as _____. | functional distance |
| What was the key finding of Festinger’s Apartment Study regarding proximity and friendship? | The closer someone lived, the more likely they were to be friends (e.g., 40% of direct neighbors were friends). |
| The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure is known as the _____ effect. | mere exposure |
| In the Moreland & Beach (1992) study, how did the frequency of a female confederate's class attendance affect how much she was liked? | The more times the confederate attended class, the more she was liked by the other students. |
| According to Byrne's (1965) 'getting to know you' study, what is the effect of perceived similarity on liking? | People report greater liking for others whose attitudes are more similar to their own. |
| What is the 'physical attractiveness stereotype'? | The presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable characteristics. |
| How can the concept of a 'self-fulfilling prophecy' explain why the physical attractiveness stereotype may appear to be true? | We create situations that lead attractive people to behave in ways consistent with our positive expectations. |
| Aggressive behavior that is driven by anger with the primary goal of inflicting pain is known as what type of aggression? | Hostile (or Reactive) Aggression. |
| What is 'Instrumental Aggression'? | Aggression that is used as a means to achieve a goal other than causing pain. |
| According to the frustration-aggression principle, when is aggression most likely to increase? | When progress toward a goal is blocked, especially when we are close to reaching the goal. |
| What is 'displacement' in the context of aggression? | Redirecting aggression toward a safer or more socially acceptable target when the real source cannot be confronted. |
| How do high temperatures generally affect rates of aggression and violent crime? | High temperatures are strongly linked to increases in violent crimes, assaults, and other aggressive behaviors. |
| What is the 'weapons effect'? | The principle that the mere presence of a weapon increases the likelihood of aggression. |
| In Leonard Berkowitz's research, how did the presence of guns in a room affect the intensity of electric shocks administered by college students? | Students administered more intense electric shocks when guns were present in the room. |
| What does correlational research indicate about childhood exposure to violent media and later behavior? | It predicts more aggressive behavior in childhood, adolescence, and a higher likelihood of a violent crime conviction by adulthood. |
| What was the main finding of the Boyatzis et al. (1995) experiment involving children watching violent vs. non-violent TV shows? | Children who watched the violent content showed significantly more aggressive acts during free play. |
| What is the overall conclusion from research reviews on the link between media violence and aggression? | Media violence is a major contributor to aggressive behavior, though it is not a necessary or sufficient cause. |
| One way media violence increases aggression is by making it seem acceptable or normal, a process known as lowering _____. | inhibitions |
| The psychological principle where people resist limitations on their freedom, potentially making restricted content more attractive, is called _____. | psychological reactance |
| The act of seeing others as less than human, which makes it easier to harm them, is known as _____. | dehumanization |
| What is the 'catharsis hypothesis' regarding aggression? | The false belief that 'venting' aggressive energy (e.g., yelling, hitting a pillow) reduces aggressive urges. |
| What does research actually show about the effect of 'venting' or acting aggressively? | It increases arousal and makes future aggression more likely, not less. |
| According to the social learning approach, why is harsh physical punishment an ineffective way to reduce aggression in children? | It models the very aggressive behavior that the adult is trying to prevent. |
| What are the four necessary steps a person must complete to intervene in an emergency, according to Latane & Darley? | 1. Notice the Event, 2. Interpret it as an Emergency, 3. Assume Responsibility, 4. Decide to Intervene. |
| In the context of bystander intervention, what is 'pluralistic ignorance'? | When people in a group mistakenly assume that because nobody else is reacting, there must not be an emergency. |
| In which step of bystander intervention does pluralistic ignorance act as a barrier? | Step 2: Interpret the Event as an Emergency. |
| The tendency for individuals to feel less responsible for taking action when many other people are present is known as _____. | diffusion of responsibility |
| Diffusion of responsibility is a major barrier during which step of bystander intervention? | Step 3: Assume Responsibility. |
| What is the 'norm of reciprocity' in the context of helping behavior? | The social expectation that we should help those who have helped us. |
| The expectation that we should help those who are dependent on us is known as the norm of _____. | social responsibility |
| Which theory of helping proposes that all helping behavior is guided by self-interest, where people help only when rewards outweigh costs? | Social Exchange Theory. |
| How does social exchange theory view the existence of true altruism? | It argues that true altruism does not exist, as all helping is ultimately self-serving. |
| What is the definition of 'altruism' in social psychology? | Helping that aims to increase another person’s welfare without regard for one’s own self-interest. |
| What is the 'Negative-State Relief Model' proposed by Cialdini? | The idea that people help others in order to relieve their own sadness or distress and improve their mood. |
| What is a 'stereotype' in the ABC model of prejudice? | A cognitive belief that associates a social group with a particular trait. |
| What is 'prejudice' in the ABC model? | An affective component, defined as negative feelings toward individuals based on their group membership. |
| What is 'discrimination' in the ABC model? | A behavioral component, defined as unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members. |
| The tendency to see members of an outgroup as 'all alike' while seeing members of one's own group as diverse is called _____. | outgroup homogeneity |
| What is the 'own-race bias' in facial recognition? | The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own racial group compared to faces of other racial groups. |
| Which theory posits that prejudice emerges from competition between groups over limited resources like jobs, money, or status? | Realistic Conflict Theory. |
| According to Social Identity Theory, why do people show 'ingroup bias' or favoritism? | Because favoring one's own group boosts self-esteem and provides a sense of belonging. |
| What is 'Social Dominance Orientation'? | A desire for one's own group to maintain power and a hierarchical structure over other social groups. |
| The tendency to notice and remember information that supports our existing stereotypes is an example of _____ | confirmation bias |
| Stereotypes are a type of mental shortcut or framework for organizing information, otherwise known as a _____. | Schemas |
| What did the Porter, Geis & Walstedt (1983) study on leadership perception find about mixed-gender groups? | Participants were more likely to identify a male at the head of the table as the leader, often ignoring a female in the same position. |
| What is 'stereotype threat'? | A situation where individuals' performance is affected by their awareness of negative stereotypes about their own group's abilities. |
| What is the cognitive component of the ABC model of prejudice? | Stereotype (belief) |
| What is the affective component of the ABC model of prejudice? | Prejudice (feeling). |
| What is the behavioral component of the ABC model of prejudice? | Discrimination (action). |
| Why is 'anticipated interaction' with someone in close proximity likely to increase liking? | Because we are more likely to make an effort to get along with people we expect to interact with regularly. |
| What are two examples of social factors that can increase aggression? | Frustration, uncomfortable environments (heat, crowding), weapons effect, social learning, media exposure. |
| What are two examples of biological factors that can influence aggression? | Testosterone and alcohol. |
| What is a major reason that stereotypes are so persistent and resistant to change? | Confirmation bias leads people to notice information that supports the stereotype and ignore contradictory evidence. |
| The idea that our self-concept includes both our unique personal traits and our group memberships is known as having a personal and _____ identity. | social |
| What is one way media violence is thought to increase aggression through social learning? | People imitate the aggressive models they see, as it's easier to copy behavior than to invent new behavior. |
| Reduced emotional reaction to violence due to repeated exposure is a process known as _____. | desensitization |
| What is one effective strategy for reducing aggression, based on a social learning approach? | Rewarding non-violent behavior or teaching non-aggressive conflict resolution skills. |
| During the final step of bystander intervention ('Decide to Intervene'), what is one cost that might prevent someone from helping? | Potential danger, embarrassment, being in a hurry, or believing the victim doesn't 'deserve' help. |
| According to Realistic Conflict Theory, what happens to negative feelings between competing groups when the competition ends? | The negative feelings often fade, especially if cooperation is introduced. |
| How does feeling anonymous (e.g., in a large crowd or online) affect aggressive behavior? | Anonymity tends to increase aggressive acts because individuals feel less identifiable and accountable. |
| What is a key factor that can decrease aggressive behavior by fostering an understanding of others' feelings? | Empathy |
| According to social exchange theory, what are two potential 'rewards' of helping someone? | Building relationships, gaining a positive public/private image, or improving one's own mood. |
| Social psychology suggests we tend to like people who are similar to us because they _____ our beliefs. | Validate |
| How can crowding and noise in an environment affect aggression? | Overstimulating environments can increase irritability and aggressive responses. |
Created by:
katievp7